Generalization and discrimination Flashcards
(10 cards)
You test Esther’s drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Esther then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Esther again to see whether her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all, it will be at drawing _______.
fruit
animals
landscapes
houses
ANIMALS
You test Esther’s drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Esther then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Esther again to see whether her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all, it will be at drawing animals. Animals are more similar to humans than fruit, landscapes, and houses are, and therefore Esther’s new learning is more likely to transfer to animals.
A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate __________.
only when it hears a buzzer identical to the CS+
more when it hears a buzzer slightly softer than the CS+ than when it hears a buzzer much louder than the CS+
more when it hears a buzzer slightly louder than the CS+ than when it hears a buzzer much softer than the CS+
each time it hears a buzzer, regardless of its volume
more when it hears a buzzer slightly softer than the CS+ than when it hears a buzzer much louder than the CS+
A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate more when it hears a buzzer slightly softer than the CS+ than when it hears a buzzer much louder than the CS+. Recall the generalization gradient: Organisms generalize more for stimuli that resemble the CS+. Therefore, the dog is more likely to generalize to a soft buzzer more like the CS+ than to a loud buzzer much different from the CS+
The figures presented here illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted in Figure _______
1
2
3
4
2
The figures presented here illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure 2. The flatter the generalization gradient, the more an animal generalizes. Figure 2 represents the flattest curve.
When the SD and S∆ are presented at the same time, it is known as __________.
synchronized discrimination training
randomized discrimination training
simultaneous discrimination training
identical discrimination training
simultaneous discrimination training
When the SD and S∆ are presented at the same time, it is known as simultaneous discrimination training.
In errorless discrimination training, _______.
training continues until the animal or person makes no errors in discrimination
subjects look on as well-trained models perform the response to be learned
generalization of the stimulus to be discriminated soon reappears after training
the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased
the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased
In errorless discrimination training, the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased.
Any class of which the members share one or more defining features is known as a __________.
concept
generalization gradient
discriminative stimulus
simultaneous discrimination
Concept
Any class of which the members share one or more defining features is known as a concept.
Finlay gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. If the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing. When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Finlay gives the animal a choice between the rough block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. You predict that the monkey will _______.
pick the new, very rough block
pick the old, somewhat rough block
show no preference between the blocks
show signs of developing an experimental neurosis
pick the new, very rough block
Finlay gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. If the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing. When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Finlay gives the animal a choice between the rough block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. You predict that the monkey will pick the new, very rough block. It is likely the monkey has formed a concept something like “pick the rougher block,” much as the chimps described in your textbook formed a concept something like “pick the larger cover.”
One theory of generalization and discrimination suggests that discrimination training establishes an area of excitation in the brain associated with the CS+ and an area of inhibition associated with the CS–. If a novel stimulus shares similarities to the CS+, it will excite an area of the brain near the CS+ area. The excitation will irradiate to the CS+ area and elicit the CR. Whose theory is this?
Pavlov’s
Lashley and Wade’s
Spence’s
Hadson’s
Pavlov’s
One theory of generalization and discrimination suggests that discrimination training establishes an area of excitation in the brain associated with the CS+ and an area of inhibition associated with the CS–. If a novel stimulus shares similarities to the CS+, it will excite an area of the brain near the CS+ area. The excitation will irradiate to the CS+ area and elicit the CR. This is Pavlov’s theory.
Animals that have received discrimination training to peck when hearing a loud buzzer but not when hearing a soft buzzer do not show the greatest response to the buzzer they had been trained on. Rather, they peck the most for a sound slightly louder than the SD. This phenomenon is known as _________.
peak shift
oddity matching
differential outcomes
mismatching
Peak Shift
Animals that have received discrimination training to peck when hearing a loud buzzer but not when hearing a soft buzzer do not show the greatest response to the buzzer they had been trained on. Rather, they peck the most for a sound slightly louder than the SD. This phenomenon is known as peak shift. Peak shift is the tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding to shift away from the S∆ or CS–.
Which theory of generalization and discrimination suggests that generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing?
Pavlov
Lashley-Wade
Spence
Herrnstein
Lashley-Wade
The Lashley-Wade theory of generalization and discrimination suggests that generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing. Lashley and Wade suggest that the animal has undergone a kind of discrimination training in the course of its everyday life.
