Observational Learning Flashcards
(10 cards)
In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model __________.
did better than those who did not observe a model
did less well than those who did not observe a model
did about the same as those who did not observe a model
imitated irrelevant actions of the model
did better than those who did not observe a model
In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model did better than those who did not observe a model. Children who observed the demonstration got the toy three times as often as children who tackled the problem on their own. Those who observed the model also solved the problem more quickly than those who worked on their own.
The first studies of observational learning ______.
proved beyond a doubt that animals learn by observing models
proved that only higher animals learn by observing models
suggested that some animals can learn by observing models under special circumstances
failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
The first studies of observational learning failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals. Thorndike found that naïve cats who observed an experienced cat escape a puzzle box did not solve the puzzle box any faster than cats who did not observe others escape a puzzle box.
The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when imitating is not reinforced is called _______.
emulation
over-imitation
generalized imitation
habitual imitation
generalized imitation
The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when it is not reinforced is called generalized imitation.
In Bandura’s theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model’s behavior are called ________.
mnemonic processes
cognitive processes
retentional processes
memorial processes
retentional processes
In Bandura’s theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model’s behavior are called retentional processes. Retentional processes are represented by a model’s behavior that aids recall.
Jamal wants to start walking for exercise more regularly. According to the research, how might Jamal use observational learning to increase the likelihood that he will go for a walk?
Jamal can look outside and see people walking for exercise.
Jamal can get a dog that he will need to take outside for walks.
Jamal can ask some friends to join him in going for walks.
Jamal can set a reminder on his calendar to go for a walk.
Jamal can look outside and see people walking for exercise.
Jamal wants to start walking for exercise more regularly. According to the research on observational learning, Jamal can look outside and see people walking for exercise to increase the likelihood that he will go for a walk. While the other options may be good strategies, they do not make use of observational learning.
The major difference between vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment is that _______.
in vicarious reinforcement, the observer’s behavior strengthens following their observation of the consequences to the model, and in vicarious punishment, the observer’s behavior weakens following their observation of the consequences to the model
in vicarious reinforcement, the observer sees something good happen to a model, and in vicarious punishment, the observer sees something bad happen to a model
in vicarious reinforcement, a model is present, but in vicarious punishment, no model is present
in vicarious reinforcement, an observer is reinforced for imitating the behavior, but in vicarious punishment, an observer is punished for emulating the behavior
in vicarious reinforcement, the observer’s behavior strengthens following their observation of the consequences to the model, and in vicarious punishment, the observer’s behavior weakens following their observation of the consequences to the model
The major difference between vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment is that in vicarious reinforcement, the observer’s behavior strengthens following their observation of the consequences to the model, and in vicarious punishment, the observer’s behavior weakens following their observation of the consequences to the model. Reinforcement is always about increasing the strength of behavior; punishment is always about weakening the strength of behavior. What makes both of these “vicarious” is that the observer sees the consequences affecting a model.
The learning history of observers has a powerful influence on what they learn from models. This is illustrated by the fact that chimpanzees get more from observing a model if they have had __________ training.
language
social skills
problem-solving
insight
Language
The learning history of observers has a powerful influence on what they learn from models. This is illustrated by the fact that chimpanzees get more from observing a model if they have had language training. Language skill proves important in observational learning in people as well.
A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______.
weak
suggestive
strong but inconclusive
overwhelming
overwhelming
A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was overwhelming. The panel included members of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the American Medical Association. They reviewed more than a thousand studies conducted over a 30-year period on the effect of violence on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children and concluded that the evidence for a causal connection was “overwhelming.”
In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. These two procedures are called __________, respectively.
social observational learning and the ghost condition
asocial observational learning and the ghost condition
emulation and imitation
imitation and emulation
social observational learning and the ghost condition
In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. These two procedures are called social observational learning and the ghost condition. Social observational learning involves learning from the observation of a model and the consequences of the model’s behavior, which is what the observers were doing when they watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. The ghost condition is an experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model, as happened when the door slid without a model to reveal the desired item.
Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on ________.
the nature of the aggressive behavior
whether the model’s behavior is reinforced or punished
whether the child is encouraged to imitate the model or not
the relationship between the child and the model
whether the model’s behavior is reinforced or punished
Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on whether the model’s behavior is reinforced or punished. Children who always saw aggressive behavior praised tended to play aggressively; those who always saw the behavior criticized played far less aggressively; and those who saw aggressive acts produce mixed results fell in between.
