Genes Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Beadle and Tatum (1941) studied _______ mold. They used _______ to damage DNA. They looked for _______ mutations
A
bread, X-rays, nutritional
2
Q
In Arginine, each step is catalyzed by an _______. Beadle and Tatum isolated strains that couldn’t grow unless fed arginine
A
enzyme
3
Q
Beadle and Tatum’s findings led to the one-_______/one-_______ hypothesis.
A
gene, enzyme
4
Q
The central _______ describes information flow. Information only flows from _______ -> _______ -> _______.
A
dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein
5
Q
_______ is the flow from DNA to RNA (which are both _______ _______)
A
Transcription, nucleic acids
6
Q
_______ is the flow from RNA to Protein (from _______ _______ to protein)
A
Translation, nucleic acid
7
Q
_______ violate the order of information flow using reverse transcriptase to convert _______ into _______
A
Retroviruses, RNA, DNA
8
Q
Transcription is DNA-directed _______ of RNA.
A
synthesis
9
Q
Only one strand of DNA is copied as RNA, called the _______ strand. The strand of DNA not used as a template is called the _______ strand.
A
template, coding
10
Q
In RNA, T (thymine) is replaced by _______
A
U (uracil)
11
Q
_______ is used to direct the synthesis of polypeptides
A
mRNA
12
Q
_______ is the RNA which is the intermediate form of information from nucleus to cytoplasm for processing
A
mRNA
13
Q
_______ is the class of RNA found in ribosomes, and is essential for their function in protein production
A
rRNA
14
Q
_______ is the intermediary adapter molecule between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis
A
tRNA
15
Q
_______ is the RNA which is part of machinery involved in the processing of “pre-mRNA” in splicing
A
snRNA
16
Q
_______ _______ is the mediator for proteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
SRP RNA
17
Q
_______ and _______ are RNA’s involved in the control of gene expression
A
miRNA, siRNA
18
Q
_______ and _______ determined how the order of nucleotides in DNA encoded amino acid order
A
Crick, Brenner
19
Q
A _______ is a block of three DNA nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid
A
codon
20
Q
A _______ mutation is a single nucleotide (nt) insertion/deletion
A
frameshift
21
Q
When Crick and Brenner introduced frameshift mutations, the addition or deletion of __ or __ nts shifted the genetic message, but the addition/deletion of __ nts resulted in a normal protein aside from the addition/deletion
A
1, 2, 3
22
Q
Crick and Brenner determined that the _______ _______ is read in increments of 3 nts, read continuously.
A
genetic code
23
Q
The three stop codons which are used to terminate translation are _______, _______, and _______.
A
UAA, UGA, UAG
24
Q
The start codon used to signify the start of translation is _______
A
AUG
25
Code is _______, meaning that some amino acids are specified by more than one codon
degenerate
26
Prokaryotes have a single RNA _______
polymerase
27
There are two forms of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes: _______ _______ and _______
core polymerase, holoenzyme
28
The RNA polymerase Holoenzyme is needed to accurately initiate _______, and is formed by the addition of a _______ subunit to the Core Polymerase
synthesis, sigma
29
Transcription requires a _______ region, which forms recognition and binding site for RNA _______
promoter, polymerase
30
Transcription requires a _______ site, the site where RNA synthesis begins
start
31
In transcription, the _______ is the signal to end transcription
terminator
32
The region from the promotor to the terminator is called the _______ _______
transcription unit
33
The promoter is found _______ of the start site, and is not _______.
upstream, transcribed
34
During elongation, RNA Polymerases read the _______ strand in the ___ to ___ direction, and then synthesizes RNA in the ___ to ___ direction as _______ are added
template, 3', 5', 5', 3', ribonucleotides
35
During elongation, RNA Polymerase DOES IT ALL! It opens up _______, _______ single strands (like SSB proteins), _______ DNA (like helicase) and then synthesizes RNA.
DNA, stabilizes, unwinds
36
After the _______ bubble passes during elongation, the now-transcribed DNA is _______ as it leaves the bubble
transcription, rewound
37
Termination occurs at specific sites. The _______-_______ hybrid within the transcription bubble dissociates. Then _______ _______ releases the DNA, and the DNA _______
RNA-DNA, RNA polymerase, rewinds
38
The simplest terminator of transcription is a series of ___-___ base-pairs followed by a series of ___-___ base-pairs. This can form a _______, which causes RNA polymerase to pause at _______.
G-C, A-T, hairpin, uracil
39
___-___ bonds are the weakest bonds, resulting in dissociation of _______ from _______ in the transcription bubble
U-A, RNA, DNA
40
Prokaryotic transcription is _______ to translation, meaning that mRNA begins to be translated before transcription is finished
coupled
41
Eukaryotes have 3 RNA polymerases: RNA Pol I transcribes _______, RNA pol II transcribes _______ and some _______, and RNA pol III transcribes _______ and some other _______ RNA's.
rRNA, mRNA, snRNA, tRNA, small
42
Each of the three Eukaryotic RNA polymerases recognizes its own _______
promoter
43
RNA pol I promoters are _______ specific
species
44
RNA pol II promoters consist of a _______ promoter that can be composed of a number of elements, including the _______ box (which is _______ of the start site)
core, TATA, upstream
45
RNA pol III promoters are found within the _______ itself
gene
46
Initiation of transcription at RNA Pol II promoters requires a series of _______ factors. These are necessary to get the RNA pol II enzyme to a _______ and to initiate gene _______. They interact with RNA pol to form the _______ complex at the promoter
transcription, promoter, expression, intiation
47
In the Eukaryotic initiation complex, a transcription factor recognizes and binds to the _______ _______ sequence, which is part of the _______ promoter. Other transcription factors are recruited, and the initiation _______ begins to build. Ultimately, RNA Pol II associates with the transcription factors and the DNA, forming the initiation _______, and _______ begins.
TATA box, core, complex, complex, transcription
48
In eukaryotes, the primary transcript must be _______ to become mature mRNA.
modified
49
One mRNA modification in Eukaryotes is the addition of a 5' ___. Essentially, _______ is added to the 5' end, with GTP modified by the addition of a _______ group, called the _______-__ _______ .
cap, GTP, methyl, methyl-G cap
50
One mRNA modification in eukaryotes is the addition of a 3' _______-___ _______. This is created by _______-___ polymerase.
poly-A tail, poly-A
51
_______ are non-coding sequences in eukaryotic genes
Introns
52
_______ are sequences that will be translated in Eukaryotic genes
Exons
53
Eukaryotes deal with introns by cutting and putting back together the primary transcript to produce mature _______, called _______-_______ splicing.
mRNA, pre-mRNA splicing
54
_______s recognize the intron-exon boundaries and combine with other proteins to form _______s, which are responsible for removing introns via _______.
snRNP, spliceosome, splicing
55
The number of introns per gene and size of introns and exons _______ greatly.
vary
56
The _______ is all the RNA's produced from a genome
Transcriptome
57
_______ is all the proteins produced from a genome
Proteome
58
_______ splicing is the process of a single primary transcript being spliced into different _______s by including different sets of _______.
Alternative, mRNA, exons
59
Alternative splicing greatly increase the number and variety of _______s encoded in the cell nucleus without increasing the size of the _______
proteins, genome
60
It is estimated that ___% of human genes produce multiple splice products (alternative splicing)
95
61
_______ are the key macromolecular machine involved in translation, and requires the interaction with _______ and _______ to synthesize proteins.
Ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA
62
tRNA molecules can interact with _______ and _______ _______, and carry the latter to the ribosome for incorporation into a _______
mRNA, amino acids, polypeptide
63
_______-_______ _______ add amino acids to the acceptor stem of tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
64
The _______ _______ in tRNA contains three nucleotides complementary to mRNA codons
Anticodon loop
65
Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes only one _______ _______ but several _______
amino acid, tRNAs
66
_______ tRNA has an amino acid added via a _______ reaction using the energy from ATP. This is an activated intermediate molecule that can undergo _______ bond formation spontaneously. The _______ stem is joined to carboxyl terminus, which means that new peptide bonds are formed between the _______ group and _______ group of linked amino acids.
Charged, charging, peptide, acceptor, amino, carboxyl
67
Ribosomes do not _______ amino acid attached to tRNA
verify
68
Ribosomes have two subunits: _______ and _______
large, small
69
The ribosome has multiple tRNA-binding sites: A (_______) site - binds the tRNA carrying the next _______ _______; P (_______) site - binds the tRNA attached to the growing _______ chain; and E (_______) site - binds the tRNA that carried the _______ amino acid added
Aminoacyl, amino acid, Peptidyl, peptide, Exit, previous
70
The two primary functions of ribosomes is to _______ the mRNA (primarily the _______ subunit) and to form _______ bonds.
decode, small, peptide
71
_______ _______ is the enzymatic component of the ribosome, and is part of the large subunit. It forms peptide bonds between _______ _______
Peptidyl transferase, amino acids
72
The activity of ribosomes is thought to be mostly carried out by _______ vs. the protein component
rRNA
73
In prokaryotic translation, the initiation complex includes: The charged _______ tRNA , the _______ ribosomal subunit, and an _______ strand
Initiator, small, mRNA
74
The _______ _______ sequence of mRNA positions the small subunit correctly.
Ribosome binding
75
Initiator tRNA is bound to ___ site with ___ site empty
P, A
76
Eukaryotic translation initiation is similar to prokaryotic, except the initiating amino acid is _______, it is more complicated, and lacks an RBS (_______ _______ _______) - the small subunit binds to the _______ _______ of mRNA
methionine, Ribosomal binding site, 5' cap
77
Translation elongation adds _______ _______. The 2nd charged tRNA can bind to the empty ___ site.
amino acids, A
78
Translation elongation requires an _______ factor called EF-Tu to bind to _______ and _______. Then the _______ bond can form. The addition of successive amino acids occurs as a cycle, where the tRNA _______ is matched with the mRNA _______, the peptide bond is _______, and the _______ is translocated
elongation, tRNA, GTP, peptide, anticodon, codon, formed, ribosome
79
Wobble pairing allows less stringent pairing between the 3' base of the _______ and the 5' base of the _______. There are fewer _______ than codons, so this allows the lower number of them to accommodate all codons.
codon, anticodon, tRNAs
80
Elongation continues until the ribosome encounters a _______ _______, which doesn't bind to tRNA. They are recognized as release factors which release the _______ from the ribosome
stop codon, polypeptide
81
In eukaryotes, translation may occur in the _______ or the _______ _______ _______ (RER).
Cytoplasm, Rough endoplasmic reticulum
82
_______ sequences at the beginning of the polypeptide sequence bind to the _______ _______ _______ (SRP) in the cytoplasm. This sequence and the SRP complex are recognized by _______ receptor proteins. _______ holds the ribosome to these receptor proteins.
Signal, Signal recognition particle, RER , docking
83
_______ are heritable change in the genetic material.
Mutations
84
A _______ _______ leads to single-nucleotide variation (SNV) in populations
point mutation
85
A _______ _______ is the substitution of one base for another. There are two categories: _______ if the mutation is purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine, or _______ if the mutation is purine-pyrimidine.
base substitution, transition, transversion
86
A _______ _______ is a type of point mutation where the same amino acid is inserted, so there is no net effect
silent mutation
87
A _______ _______ is a point mutation that changes the amino acid inserted
missense mutation
88
A _______ _______ is a point mutation that creates a stop codon
nonsense mutation
89
The gain or loss of 1-50 base pairs is called an _______
indel (insertion/deletion)
90
A _______ _______ is a mutation where a base is added or deleted, which has profound consequences
Frameshift mutation
91
Mutations are the starting point for _______
evolution
92
Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame _______
downstream
