Genes and Behaviours

Question 1

Moscovitch and Wincour (1997)

Answer 1

object agnosia

CK sustained a head injury

motor, cognitive and memory deficits

normal facial recognition, but couldn’t recognise objects

Archimbaldo effect

also, inverted faces were harder to recognise - upright faces recognised holistically, but inverted faces were recognised part-based

therefore recognition of inverted and upright faces are not recognised in the same way

controls - 71%
CK - 14%

Question 2

Butterworth and Dingle (2004)

Answer 2

prosopagnosia

recognises objects but not faces

life long difficulties recognising faces

identity, emotion, and gender

controls - 21/25
Edward - 3/25

greebles - similar to faces. introduced to 20 greebles and names

Edward performed as well as controls on learning the greebles and names

Question 3

NcNeil and Warrington

Answer 3

WJ had profound prosopagnosia after a stroke - acquired

could identify his sheep more readily than people

Question 4

is recognition normally distributed or dichotomous?

Answer 4

it is normally distributed. not either a super recogniser or no facial recognition

it is a continuum

Question 5

Russell and Duchain

Answer 5

focus on recognition

Cambridge faces - before they were famous test

people normally dislike TV

Question 6

Zhu et al (2010)

Answer 6

MZ and DZ twins

facial recognition ability (FRA)

heritability = 28%

face inversion effect = 34.8%

composite face effect - align Tony Blair and George Bush = 31%

Question 7

DeRenzi

Answer 7

fusiform face area (FFA)

Question 8

Anti social personality disorder

Answer 8

no one is born a psychopath - look at reasons how or why someone becomes a psychopath

Question 9

Frick

Answer 9

early behavioural warning signs of children at risk of psychopathology - callous unemotional traits

Question 10

Frick and Viding

Answer 10

low callous unemotional traits - aggressive when under threat, feel bad when hurting others, high levels of anxiety. hostile attribution bias, oversensitivity to perceived anger, maybe experienced family violence, vigilant to potential threats

high callous unemotional traits - proactive aggressive, lack of guilt, not worrying about hurting others, low levels of anxiety. problems recognising fear and distress, less responsive to punishment, normally good TOM, more likely to sympathise with those who have been through similar experiences. may predispose children to antisocial behaviour

hard to look at in children, as to some extent all lack empathy

Question 11

origins of antisocial behaviour

Answer 11

genetics (A), shared environment (C) and non shared environment (E)

high callous = 1/5 E, 4/5 A
low callous = 1/3 A, 1/3 C, 1/3 E

there are risk genes for having a low unemotional trait

Question 12

Viding

Answer 12

low amygdala activation in those with high callous unemotional traits when looking at a fear inducing task

Question 13

Sebastian

Answer 13

low amygdala activity in those with high callous unemotional traits when looking at faces of people in distress

Question 14

antisocial behaviour causes

Answer 14

should look at both social and biological factors that affect the onset of unemotional traits

Question 15

Waltham Forest

Answer 15

boys 11.6%
girls 8.6%

left handers

Question 16

historical handedness

Answer 16

palaeolithic 77% left handed, 23% right handed - blowing hand shapes onto the stone walls

Toth - early human stone tools

maybe biological in that case

Question 17

animals and handedness

Answer 17

mice - equal 50:50

Question 18

Plato and Aristotle

Answer 18

nurture vs. nature

Question 19

Foetal Handedness

Answer 19

Hepper et al - preferential thumb sucking. there at birth … it is genetic

Question 20

handedness in families

Answer 20

McManus and Bryden - Mendelian genetic model - autosomal genes

actually was disproven

Question 21

twins and handedness

Answer 21

can end up with different handedness - but identical genetics

Manhatton plot

about 40 genes affecting handedness

therefore there is no gene for handedness

75.3% vs. 75.4% for MZ and DZ twins

Question 22

cerebral lateralisation

Answer 22

Broca - Lebourgne, aphasia,
fMRI shows that face and emotional processing is in the right hemisphere, but what the Brocas area does is really unclear

Question 23

how do we know where language is located?

Answer 23

dichotic listening
stroke/ brain damage etc
fMRi is expensive, and slow, and there are ethical problems

Question 24

Knecht et al (2000)

Answer 24

middle cerebral arteries blood flows through into frontal lobe

blood flow better in left hemisphere compared to the right hemisphere
some people process language in the right side of the brain

which is the dominant side of brain tends to be the opposite of what your handedness is

Question 25

myths about left handers

Answer 25

usually more mathematical and musical not more likely to be president despite belief more over represented at either side of scale

Question 26

1991 cohort study

Answer 26

careers - only make sense in retrospect. long lasting. sometimes up to 7 years looking at going into nursing - need similar entry qualifications. easy to study

Question 27

John Holland (1919-2008)

Answer 27

``` Hollands occupational typology (RIASEC) Realist Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional ``` people fit into one type psychologists are usually weary, but it is good as people can fit into one type measure by having a 5 point scale, and why jobs people may want to do. multidimensional scaling map

Question 28

how are careers chosen

Answer 28

random Gottfredson - map of careers, prestige level, reflects education, are able to map multidimensionally, or just 2 prestige level x sex type have a tolerable level, endup with a zone of acceptable careers - we do not decide what we do want to do, but decide what we do not want to do

Question 29

when do we start to think about careers?

Answer 29

Rice (2012) - from childhood. meet kids in primary school and follow them through to secondary school age 15/16 typically lots of gender differences says that the choice of vocation is an expression of personality able to correlate the big 5 with RIASEC - although neuroticism is important, it is not directly correlated with RIASEC

Question 30

Ackerman

Answer 30

used Hollwnds hexagonal structure and found correlations between interest themes and measures of personality and intellectual ability

Question 31

sex and gender

Answer 31

biological sex sex is biological gender is the socio cultural concept McManus looked at people who wanted to be a surgeon vast range between men and women, but not to do with if you a re a male or a female, but how you see the world - i.e. little to do with sex, more to do with gender people who go into surgery tend to be more masculine compared to females who go into surgery

Question 32

how can you tell how much people enjoy their career?

Answer 32

OCB people are nicer at work if you are in the right job for your personality, there is better satisfaction at work