Intelligence

Question 1

Spearman (1863-1945)

Answer 1

rank correlation

non parametric

Question 2

Pearson

Answer 2

correlations

relationship between two sets of scores

chance finding

Question 3

Correlation

Answer 3

relationship between two variables

direction and degree

correlation coefficient doesn’t predict

Question 4

Positive manifold

Answer 4

positive correlations more than negative

if good at one test, tend to be good at others

Question 5

Spearmans 2 factor theory

Answer 5

ability required to perform types of tests

1- general intelligence

2- different abilities eg. spatial, mathematical ect.

Question 6

2 types of general intelligence

Answer 6

fluid intelligence - non.verbal, intelligence that you’ve never encountered before

crystallised intelligence - learning knowledge that is there forever, application of things that have already been learnt

fluid intelligence can lead to crystallised intelligence

Question 7

McNeil and Burges (2002)

Answer 7

we learn arithmetic at school.
elderly man with dementia, lose ability to work out mathematical problem - loss of crystallised intelligence - lost ability to do maths

Question 8

Shallice and Burges (1991)

Answer 8

3 neurological patients

damage to their frontal lobes, all had same IQs but different disabilities

multiple errands task - instructed to go around shopping centre

rostral pre frontal cortex

Question 9

Duncan (2000)

Answer 9

see where ‘g’ is located
found that it is in the lateral prefrontal cortex using PET studies
linked to fluid intelligence
compared between high and low ‘g’ tasks

Question 10

Gilbert et al (2006)

Answer 10

meta analysis of functional neuroimaging studies - different regions of rostral prefrontal cortex

intelligent abilities - added different abilities to what general intelligence is … i.e. multitasking and mentalising

Question 11

Duncan et al (2010)

Answer 11

21 neurological patients with focal lesions for executive tasks - adjusting for fluid intelligence

impaired on tests that could not be explained by fluid intelligence

rostral prefrontal cortex, especially int eh right hemisphere

rostral prefrontal cortex causes an impairment

Question 12

Yang and Sternberg

Answer 12

Chinese - cognitive, interpersonal intelligence, modest

American - practical problems, verbal ability, fluid thought

Question 13

Wber

Answer 13

differ within cultural background

Baganda - mental order
Batoro - mental turmoil

Question 14

Serpell

Answer 14

English - drawing

Zambian - hands and making

Question 15

Super

Answer 15

children - social relations and comprehension

adults - inverntiveness

Question 16

Stanford Binet test

Answer 16

intelligence is a scale for children consisting of complex problems - notion of mental age, and subsequent problems have a sensory test

Question 17

the bell curve debate

Answer 17

genetics and sock economic group effecting IQ score

bigger brains are weakly associated with better performance

Question 18

Murdoch

Answer 18

misuse of IQ tests in Nazi Germany for steralisation

Question 19

Kamin

Answer 19

misuse of IQ tests in the 1920s for immigration into the USA

Question 20

Broca

Answer 20

link between brain size and IQ

Question 21

Ho et al

Answer 21

black people on average have smaller brain sizes the white people

Question 22

Van Valen

Answer 22

brain sizes getting bigger due to evolution - ethical issues as suggests that brain people aren’t evolving as rapidly as white people

Question 23

Mackintosh

Answer 23

dif ethnic groups perform differently on different IQ measures

Question 24

Bouchard et al

Answer 24

twin correlational studies - IQ correlates 0.86 and 0.6 respectively for MZ and DZ twins

Question 25

Minnesota trans-racial adoption study

Answer 25

children of black biological parents adopted into white families still have IQ disadvantages problems with aspects of brain development occur in the womb

Question 26

The Flynn Effect

Answer 26

IQ getting better - mostly in industrialised countries

Question 27

Bolton

Answer 27

missed veining meal or not pps performed worse when missed an evening meal - socio environment

Question 28

Gilbert

Answer 28

small changes in task instruction

Question 29

Changes in the Brain as we get older

Answer 29

``` gray matter decreases like cardiovascular - undesirable some changes are necessary synaptic pruning can protect again illness such as mental disorder invested interest ```

Question 30

Rabbitt

Answer 30

do we lose it all? brains change over the years , such as reaction times are a lot longer

Question 31

Shafto

Answer 31

top of the tongue - ability to isolate different phenomenas with different parts of the brain

Question 32

Nyberg

Answer 32

cross sectional - early onset of decline longitudinal - positive gradient until age 60 and then decline

Question 33

cross sectional vs. longitudinal

Answer 33

cross sectional - cheap, fast, easy, but cohort difference longitudinal study - demoes cohort differences, expensive, takes a long time, high drop out rate

Question 34

Betula project

Answer 34

3000 pps, tested 5 years apart - longitudinal episodic memory - things that happen in life are different from one another semantic memory decreases slightly with age stimulus as people get older they differ more from each other different cognitive abilities change at different rates

Question 35

why people get more different as they age

Answer 35

1- illness e.g. non-insulin dependent diabetes 2- Nilsson - health effects on memory 3- increase in strategies learnt, plasticity 4- changes in neural plasticity 5- variation in physical or mental ability before and after retirement 6- cortical atrophy, shrinking of the brain 7- Raz - men and women have different trajectories in changes of brain volume. men and women change over a life-span 8- Lovenden - 2 groups, walking n treadmill with or without a virtual environment. hippocampal activation

Question 36

The Ageing Puzzle

Answer 36

1- be intellectually engaged, but Nyberg et al - education does not help maintain performances in older ages 2- maintain cardiovascular activity, helps executive functioning, reduces declines in tissue density, removal of teeth 3-minimise chronic stressors - distress associated with a risk of Alzheimers disease and faster rate of cognitive decline 4- maintain a brain healthy diet, high in mono and poly unsaturated fats. might slow down cognitive decline and prevent progression to Alzheimers disease 5- use to or lose it complex - complex lifetime occupation predicts higher cognitive performance

Question 37

Dwonda et al

Answer 37

older people are happier life satisfaction - more fulfilled milestones through life

Question 38

Alice Heim

Answer 38

where did i put my spectacle? surveys - physical confidence decreases with age mental and social confidence increases with age people become more stoic and accepting of unpleasant experiences older people become more tolerant of those with different views