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Genes And Evolution > Genes and Inheritance lectures > Flashcards

Genes and Inheritance lectures Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity, carrying information for a single polypeptide or RNA

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2
Q

gamete

A

a mature reproductive cell

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3
Q

allele

A

a variant of a genetic character at a given locus on a chromosome

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4
Q

Mendel’s rule of independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes assort independently

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5
Q

monotypic nature of the phenotype

A

controlled by two alleles (dominant and recessive)

only one ‘visible’

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6
Q

dihybrid

A

cross with two genes

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7
Q

recombinant phenotypes

A

different from either parent

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8
Q

recombination through meiosis

A

whole chromatids

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9
Q

crossing over of chromatids

A

part of chromatid

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10
Q

what does recombination frequency tell us?

A

how far apart the genes are

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11
Q

what is recombination frequency measured in?

A

cM (centiMorgans) or genetic map units

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12
Q

how many base pairs of DNA is 1cM?

A

1,000,000

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13
Q

recombination frequency

A

((number of recombinants)/(total number of progeny))

X 100

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14
Q

haplotype

A

a group of genes inherited together from a single parent

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15
Q

Labradors’ example

what are the names of the proteins for black and brown fur?

A 
DHI-melanin = dark brown-black
DHICA-melanin = brown
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16
Q

Labradors’ example

what does Tyrosinase-related protein 1 do?

A

participates in conversion of a darker eumelanin (black) to lighter (brown)

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17
Q

Labradors’ example

what colour of fur do homozygous carriers of mutant Trp1 turn?

A

brown

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18
Q

Which gene codes for Tyrosinase-related protein 1?

A

Trp1 (Tryp) gene

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19
Q

What is the Labrador’s example about?

A

Fur colour

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20
Q

What is Agouti?

A

A specific colouring of fur?

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21
Q

Is the allele for Agouti in the Agouti mouse dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

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22
Q

How does Agouti fur come about?

A

by introducing a band of yellow colour resulting from deposition of phaeomelanin (yellow pigment) on dark hair)

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23
Q

What does loss of function of the Tyr gene cause?

A

no melanin -> albino

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24
Q

what pattern results if there are no melanocytes present in certain areas?

A

spotting pattern

Kit gene

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25
what can multiple alleles lead to?
a hierachy of dominance
26
Rabbit example | Order the coats in dominance over each other.
Sable Chinchilla Iron grey Himalayan White
27
What is incomplete dominance?
many alleles not completely dominant or recessive - their effects blend together or mix
28
what is an example of incomplete dominance?
colours of snap-dragon flowers
29
Does incomplete inheritance still follow Mendel's laws?
yes
30
What is co-dominance?
the effects of both alleles can be seen together in the phenotype.
31
what is an example of co-dominance?
Human ABO blood group system
32
What is epistasis?
The expression of one gene can be conditional on the allele of another gene.
33
What is an example of epistasis?
Labrador coat colour
34
How is labrador coat colour an example of epistasis?
Gene B involves pigment production Gene E involves pigment deposition (E would mean pigment deposited) Allele of gene B matters only if allele E of the other gene is present
35
What is an example of a gene-environment interaction?
Siamese cats
36
What is a gene-environment interaction?
many genes influence the phenotype in a way modified by the environment.
37
What is the penetrance?
The proportion of individuals carrying the allele that actually show the phenotype
38
Polygenic Inheritance
many traits are influences by several genes together (polygenes)
39
What are examples of polygenic traits?
Humans - height, skin colour...
40
What type of data are the traits of human height and skin colour?
continuos
41
What is the analysis of traits followed in families?
pedigree analysis
42
what are examples of pedigree analysis?
some human diseases | haemophilia
43
Autosomal dominant inheritance
every individual has an affected parent both sexes affected ~50% of the offspring are affected
44
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Both parents not affected ~25% of the offspring affected Phenotype occurs in both sexes
45
monoecious
individuals can produce both male and female gametes
46
dioecious
individuals are either male or female
47
XO, XY, ZW | what does this show evidence of?
Sex determination has evolved independently many times
48
Bee example | unfertilised eggs
haploid -> produce males (drones)
49
Bee example | fertilised eggs
diploid -> produce females (workers/queen)
50
Bee example | do bees have sex chromosomes?
No
51
Bee example | how is sex of offspring determined in bees?
Females are heterozygous for complementary sex determiner gene (CSD)
52
Bee example | how many different CSD genes are there?
19
53
Bee example | what are infertile males and what happens to them?
homozygous for CSD genes (rare) | killed by workers
54
What do the genes SRY and DAX1 do in humans?
SRY - promotes testis development | DAX1 - prevents testis development and allow ovary development
55
Where are the SRY and DAX1 genes located on humans?
SRY - Y chromosome | DAX1 - X chromosome
56
Where are sex-linked genes found?
On the X chromosome
57
What is non-nuclear inheritance
Mitochondrial and plasmids
58
Genes in mitochondrial DNA
13 coding genes | 37 genes in total
59
Mitochondrial diseases - offspring sex affect
Females - all offspring affected | Males - no offspring affected
60
Drosophila | Sex chromosomes
XO sterile male XXY female opposite way to in mammals XY female XX male

Genes And Evolution (12 decks)

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