genes proteins pathways

Question 1

PIK3CA

Answer 1

PI3K (p110α) PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling> H1047R, E545K — breast, endometrial cancer

Question 2

TP53

Answer 2

p53 Tumor suppressor, DNA repair, apoptosis> Loss-of-function in many cancers

Question 3

KRAS

Answer 3

KRAS MAPK pathway (RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK)> G12D, G12V — colorectal, lung, pancreatic CA

Question 4

NRAS

Answer 4

NRAS MAPK signaling> G12D, Q61R — melanoma

Question 5

HRAS

Answer 5

HRAS MAPK signaling> Bladder, thyroid cancer

Question 6

BRAF

Answer 6

BRAF (V600E) MAPK pathway (downstream of RAS)> V600E in melanoma, colorectal CA

Question 7

EGFR

Answer 7

EGFR Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)> Exon 19 del, L858R — lung adenocarcinoma

Question 8

HER2 (ERBB2)

Answer 8

HER2 RTK — breast cancer> Amplification in HER2+ breast CA

Question 9

ALK

Answer 9

ALK fusion protein RTK — mostly in fusions (EML4-ALK)> Targetable in NSCLC

Question 10

PTEN

Answer 10

PTEN Tumor suppressor, antagonizes PI3K> Often deleted or mutated

Question 11

BRCA1, BRCA2

Answer 11

BRCA1/BRCA2 Homologous recombination repair> Germline mutations → breast, ovarian CA risk

Question 12

CDKN2A

Answer 12

p16INK4a, p14ARF Cell cycle inhibitors> Frequently deleted in melanoma, pancreatic CA

Question 13

MYC

Answer 13

c-Myc Transcription factor, proliferation> Overexpressed in many cancers

Question 14

MET

Answer 14

MET (c-Met) RTK involved in cell motility> Exon 14 skipping — lung cancer

Question 15

APC

Answer 15

APC Wnt pathway — tumor suppressor> Mutated in familial adenomatous polyposis

Question 16

CTNNB1

Answer 16

β-catenin Wnt pathway (oncogene)> Stabilizing mutations → colon, liver CA