Genetic And Bio Diversity

Question 1

Define gene flow

Answer 1

• when different alleles being introduced into a population when individuals from another population migrate into them and reproduce

Question 2

What is genetic bottleneck?

Answer 2

Is an event that cause big reduction in population
- reduces different alleles in the gene pool which reduce genetic diversity

Question 3

What is the founder effect ?

Answer 3

• is a type of genetic bottleneck
• which a few organisms from a population form a new colony and there are only small number of different alleles in the gene pool
• frequency of alleles in the gene pool will be different, a rare allele will be more common when the gene pool reduces, higher incidence of genetic disorders

Question 4

Types of adaptations

Answer 4

• anatomical
• behavioural
• physiological

Question 5

Define behavioural adoptions

Answer 5

Ways of an organism acts that increase chance of survival and reproduction
E.g. play dead when threatened by predators

Question 6

Define physiological adaptations

Answer 6

• processes inside organisms body that increase chance of survival
  E.g. hibernate to reduce rate of metabolism in winter to conserve energy

Question 7

Define anatomical adaptations

Answer 7

• structural features of organisms body that increases chance of survival
  E.g. thick layer of fat to help keep warm

Question 8

Define directional selection

Answer 8

• where individuals with alleles for extreme characteristics more likely to survive and reproduce
• could due to environmental changes
  E.g. antibiotics resistant bacteria

Question 9

Define stabilising selection

Answer 9

• where individuals with alleles for characteristics towards the middle of the range more likely to survive
• occurs when environment is not changing, reduces range of possible characteristics

Question 10

Define the term species (2)

Answer 10

M1 group of similar organisms with same genes / chromosomes ,
M2 that can reproduce fertile offspring

Question 11

What is artificial classification ?

Answer 11

• focuses on physical similarities between different species
• these are analogous (similar) features

Question 12

What is phylogenetic classification ?

Answer 12

• focuses on homologous characteristics
• based on evolutionary relationships

Question 13

8 levels of classification

Answer 13

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
3 domain : archaea, eukarya, bacteria

Question 14

Four kingdoms of eukarya

Answer 14

• fungi
• plantae
• animalia
• Protista

Question 15

Features of fungi

Answer 15

• have chitin cell wall
• are heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular organisms
• reproduction via spores

Question 16

Features of plantae kingdom

Answer 16

• they make own food
• have cellulose cell wall
• are autotrophic multicellular organisms

Question 17

Features of animalia kingdom

Answer 17

• they cannot make their own food
• they have nervous and muscular system
• they are motile, move around

Question 18

Features of Protista kingdom

Answer 18

• they do not fit into other kingdoms
• don’t have much in common

Question 19

Purpose of courtship behaviour

Answer 19

• to help find mates that is in the same species and fertile, receptive to mating = = allow synchronisation of mating when maximum probability of sperm and egg meet
• allow pair bonding = successful mating and raise offspring
• become able to breed = bring opposite sex member into physiological state that can breed

Question 20

Why do we study courtship ?

Answer 20

• to find common ancestor by looking at have similar courtship behaviours

Question 21

Define species diversity

Answer 21

• the number of different species and individuals within a community

Question 22

Define species richness

Answer 22

• is a measure of number of different species in a community

Question 23

Define the term biodiversity

Answer 23

• number ad variety of living organisms in an area

Question 24

How to calculate index of diversity ?

Answer 24

D = N(N-1)/sum of n(n-1)

Question 25

Impact of agriculture on biodiversity

Answer 25

- agriculture reduces species diversity 1) less species = less variety of biomass 2) reduce gene pool of alleles - crops sprayed with pesticides and fertiliser = destroy habitats - only grow desirable species = alleles variety reduce = harder to withstand environmental changes = extinction

Question 26

Direct and Indirect removal of habitats

Answer 26

D : - removal of hedgerows - creating monocultures - filling ponds - overgrazing ID : - pesticides + fertilisers - absence of crop rotation - lack of intercropping

Question 27

Conservation techniques

Answer 27

- create A shape hedgerows - maintain or create ponds - reduce use of pesticides and use organic fertiliser - encourage crop rotation = EU provide financial incentives to help with farmers using those techniques to maintain biodiversity

Question 28

How do the phylogenetic classification shows a hierarchy of species ?

Answer 28

- a large group contains smaller groups - Without overlapping within groups

Question 29

Define founder effect

Answer 29

- when a small group of individuals splits off form larger population and build a new colony/ population

Question 30

Impact of founder effect

Answer 30

- reduce genetic diversity, as smaller range of alleles in a population - increase frequency of rare alleles - increase risk of genetic disease = reduce gene pool

Question 31

Define hierarchy (2)

Answer 31

1) Groups with groups 2) No overlaps

Question 32

Explain why comparing the base sequence of genes provide more evolutionary information than comparing structure of proteins (2)

Answer 32

1) Degenerate nature suggests more than one triplet can code for the same a.a 2) Introns are being removed, so only coding part will be used and focused on directly

Question 33

Define polygene

Answer 33

Multiple gene codes for multiple characteristics

Question 34

3 Methods to investigate evolutionary relationship

Answer 34

Compare mRNA sequence Compare a.a sequence to see how closely Immunological comparison

Question 35

How does immunological comparison works in identifying relationships of species ?

Answer 35

The antibodies produced based on the amount of agglutination= see how similar molecules in organisms are. More agglutination= more closely related as similar antigens

Question 36

How can immunological comparison be done ?

Answer 36

Precipitation test by centrifugation More ppt present= more closely related as more similar antigens present

Question 37

Define intraspecific variation

Answer 37

Where members of the same species differ from each other

Question 38

Define Interspecific variations

Answer 38

Where one species differs from another species

Question 39

How to investigate quantitatively?

Answer 39

Take a large sample so more representative of whole population

Question 40

How to avoid sampling bias

Answer 40

Eliminate any human involvement in choosing samples

Question 41

Suggest and explain one advantage and disadvantage to a farmer replanting hedges on her farmland (2)

Answer 41

Ad: improve biodiversity of species so can introduce more natural pests predators so would increase yield Disad: less farmland of large field for crops so less income and profit

Question 42

2 ways to ensure IOD is representative of each habitat

Answer 42

Large sample obtained Random sample to prevent bias