Genetic Engineering And Respiration

Question 1

How can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another?

Answer 1

Through genetic engineering

Question 2

Describe the stages of genetic engineering

Answer 2

extract required gene; extract plasmid from bacterial cell; insert required gene into bacterial plasmid; insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified (GM) organism.

Question 3

What is required in the genetic engineering process?

Answer 3

Enzymes

Question 4

What is respiration?

Answer 4

Respiration is the chemical energy released from glucose by all cells through a series of enzyme controlled reactions.

Question 5

What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used for?

Answer 5

To generate ATP

Question 6

What cellular activities can the energy transferred by ATP be used for?

Answer 6

Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein, synthesis, and the transmission of nerve impulses

Question 7

Does aerobic respiration need oxygen?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

Give the summary word equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 8

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 9

Name and describe the first stage of respiration

Answer 9

The first stage of respiration is glycolysis and takes place in the cytoplasm. During glycolysis glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, releasing
enough energy to yield two molecules of ATP. If oxygen is present, aerobic respiration takes place, and each pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing enough energy to yield a large number of ATP molecules.

Question 10

Where does the first stage of respiration take place?

Answer 10

The cytoplasm

Question 11

State that when oxygen is present, each pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing enough energy to use a large number of ATP molecules

Question 12

Where does the second stage of a aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 12

In the mitochondria

Question 13

When does the fermentation pathway take place?

Answer 13

When there is an absence of oxygen

Question 14

Give the summary word equation for fermentation in animal, bacterial, plant and yeast cells

Answer 14

Animal and bacterial; glucose → lactate + energy

Plant and yeast; glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy

Question 15

Describe the fermentation pathway, in animal and bacterial cells

Answer 15

In animal and bacterial cells, the pyruvate molecules are converted to lactate.

Question 16

Describe the fermentation pathway in plant and yeast cells

Answer 16

In plant and yeast cells the pyruvate molecules are converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol

Question 17

State that the breakdown of each glucose molecule via the fermentation pathway yields only the initial two molecules of ATP

Question 18

Where does fermentation take place?

Answer 18

In the cytoplasm

Question 19

Describe the relationship between energy requirement of a cell and the number of mitochondria present

Answer 19

The higher the energy requirement of a cell the greater the number of mitochondria
present in that cell.