Genetic Engineering And Respiration Flashcards
(19 cards)
How can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another?
Through genetic engineering
Describe the stages of genetic engineering
extract required gene; extract plasmid from bacterial cell; insert required gene into bacterial plasmid; insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified (GM) organism.
What is required in the genetic engineering process?
Enzymes
What is respiration?
Respiration is the chemical energy released from glucose by all cells through a series of enzyme controlled reactions.
What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used for?
To generate ATP
What cellular activities can the energy transferred by ATP be used for?
Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein, synthesis, and the transmission of nerve impulses
Does aerobic respiration need oxygen?
Yes
Give the summary word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Name and describe the first stage of respiration
The first stage of respiration is glycolysis and takes place in the cytoplasm. During glycolysis glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, releasing
enough energy to yield two molecules of ATP. If oxygen is present, aerobic respiration takes place, and each pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing enough energy to yield a large number of ATP molecules.
Where does the first stage of respiration take place?
The cytoplasm
State that when oxygen is present, each pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing enough energy to use a large number of ATP molecules
Where does the second stage of a aerobic respiration take place?
In the mitochondria
When does the fermentation pathway take place?
When there is an absence of oxygen
Give the summary word equation for fermentation in animal, bacterial, plant and yeast cells
Animal and bacterial; glucose → lactate + energy
Plant and yeast; glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy
Describe the fermentation pathway, in animal and bacterial cells
In animal and bacterial cells, the pyruvate molecules are converted to lactate.
Describe the fermentation pathway in plant and yeast cells
In plant and yeast cells the pyruvate molecules are converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol
State that the breakdown of each glucose molecule via the fermentation pathway yields only the initial two molecules of ATP
Where does fermentation take place?
In the cytoplasm
Describe the relationship between energy requirement of a cell and the number of mitochondria present
The higher the energy requirement of a cell the greater the number of mitochondria
present in that cell.
