Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Flashcards
(19 cards)
What GM foods are grown in South Africa?
White maize, Yellow maize, Soy beans, Cotton
These crops are the primary genetically modified organisms cultivated in South Africa.
What is a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?
Organisms which have been genetically engineered or manipulated
The DNA code inside living cells is altered in a way that does not occur naturally.
What are genes?
Segments of DNA that give plants their characteristics such as color, shape, and size
Genes are part of chromosomes and are crucial in determining traits.
What is a Transgenic Organism?
An organism receiving a desirable trait from another species
These organisms are engineered to have better traits like increased nutritional value.
What is a herbicide?
Chemical used to kill weeds
What is a pesticide?
Chemical used to kill insects
List advantages of GMOs for farmers, manufacturers, and consumers.
- Crops are more pest resistant
- Crops are more resistant to herbicides
- Crops are more resistant to diseases
- Improved crop yield and production of meat, eggs, and milk
- Increased shelf-life of GM foods
- Improved processing characteristics
- Lower production costs
- More plentiful yields
- Enhanced nutritional value
- Potential for edible vaccines
- Production of human proteins in sheep milk
- Use of bacteria in medicine manufacturing
What are some disadvantages of GM crops?
- Allergic reactions in some individuals
- Unclear effects of transferred genes
- Resistance to antibiotics
- Negative impact on environment
The long-term effects of GMOs on ecosystems and health are still being studied.
Are GM foods safe?
GM foods must be assessed on a case-by-case basis
Not all GM foods are harmful; some have passed rigorous risk assessment testing.
Why are GM foods assessed for safety?
Rigorous evaluations are done regarding their impact on human health and the environment
What potential risks are associated with GM foods?
- Lack of specific data proving GM foods are harmless
- Vague science behind GM foods
- Undetermined future impacts on human health
What aspects, regarding humans, need to be considered regarding GM foods?
- Possible toxicity levels
- Allergenicity
- Nutritional value
- Long-term safety and sustainability
What environmental concerns are associated with GMOs?
- Effects on plants, animals, insects, and bird life
- Potential escape of engineered genes into wild populations
- Susceptibility of non-target organisms
- Loss of biodiversity
- Chemicals in agriculture
- Development of super weeds
- Soil erosion
What are super weeds?
Weeds that become resistant to herbicides due to breeding with genetically modified crops
Super weeds can be very difficult to control.
What does the GMO Act No. 15 of 1997 require?
Companies must apply for a permit to sell or import GM foods and publish their intentions in at least 3 newspapers
What are the labeling requirements for GM foods in South Africa?
Foods containing 5% or more GM ingredients must be labeled
This does not apply to processed foods.
When did South Africa start producing GM crops?
Since 1999
What was the public awareness regarding GM crops in South Africa as of 2011?
The majority of South Africans were unaware that their staple diets contained GM foods
How many crops were approved for general release in South Africa by 2011?
11 crops
