Genetically Modified Plants (GMP) Flashcards
To learn about the benefits and consequences of selective breeding and intentional recombinant in labs, within plant organisms. (21 cards)
Electrophoresis
f
Agarose gel
q
Explain the process of electrophoresis
q
Reading frames
When we observe a piece of DNA, if we look randomly along the strand we can take any three nucleic bases and identify an amino that corresponds and the subsequent amino acids from then on. but we need to consider that the sequence could also be read from the start of the second base or the third base in that first codon sequence, meaning we could have three (3) different amino configurations. Further more we haven’t taken the antiparallel strand that runs along that strand, it too will have three reading frames for that one set of three nucleic bases. The result of this is that for any point we selected to read nucleic bases, there will be six (6) subsequent reading frames that we could obtain a gene.
Open Reading Frames (ORF)
Is a region of DNA sequence that begins with the ATG, the starting codon (AUG in mRNA). If the line of sequence ends in a TAG, TAA, or TGA codon (stop codon), and has 30 or more subsequent codons than we can reason that that sequence codes for a protein.
Why don’t all ORF code for a protein?
Not all Open Reading Frames code for a protein because more many amino acids there are a couple different codon sequences that will code for that one amino. As a result of this some organisms have a high frequency of one amino codon variance then the others, meaning that ORFs with the less frequent variant might be synthesised a lot less.
‘in vitro’
‘In glass’, e.g. within a test tube or equivalent.
‘in vivo’
‘In life’, e.g. within a cell body or organisms
PCR Primers (What do they look like, how long are they and why that long, and how many specific ones do you need?
q (you need two kinds of PCR primes, one for the sense and antisense strands)
Callus Tissue
Callus tissue is pluripotent plant tissue that forms from the cambium of the vascular system in plants (between the xylem and phloem). Its migration is stimulated by open wounds in a plant as a defence mechanism for healing the damaged structure.
Gene Gun
The gene gun is a method of recombinants in plant genomic DNA. It centres around target gene coated bullets being shot at the nucleus of callus tissue, thus resulting an a chance of gene integration.
recombinogenic
Giving rise to recombinant DNA.
Selectable marker gene
Is a gene that has been combined with the target gene that is trying to be integrated in a cell. Usual the selectable marker gene will cause a response or a change in the outward structure
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens (A. Tumefaciens
Is a plant pathogen, and is another technique of recombinants in plant cells. Causes crown gall tumours, via transformation. The DNA they insert are responsible for the synthesis of Cytokinins, Auxins, and Opines.
Cytokinins
Plant shooting hormones, that stimulate shoot growth.
Auxins
Plant rooting hormones, that stimulate root development. Because A. Tumefaciens produce both Cytokinins and Auxins in relatively the same ratio, this results in uncontrolled random growth.
Apical Meristem
The points of lengthening growth that occur around the soot and stem apical meristems.
Lateral Meristem
The stem cells that stimulate outward growth of the stem and branches of a plant, becoming thicker.
Opines
Opines are a type of specific food supplies that A. Tumefaciens can use, It is unable to be used by other bacterium.
How do A. Tumefaciens infect callus cells?
A Tumefaciens contain a TI ‘virulence plasmid that codes for the Cytokinins, Auxins, Opines, and the DNA-Transfer enzymes coding sequence.
Virulence genes
“hostile/phathenogenic” gene.
