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NMAT 2021 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Single-stranded nucleic acid that carries our the instructions coded in DNA

A

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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2
Q

The process by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA –> RNA –> Protein

A

Central Dogma of Biology

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3
Q

A chain of amino acids

A

Polypeptide

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4
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or start/stop signal during translation

A

Codon

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5
Q

Process during which a DNA sequence of a gene is copied to make an RNA molecule

A

Transcription

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6
Q

Process during which an mRNA molecule is used to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains

A

Translation

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7
Q

A change in genetic sequence

A

Mutation

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8
Q

Chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait within a family across generations

A

Pedigree

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9
Q

The genetic makeup of an organism (ex:TT)

A

Genotype

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10
Q

The physical characteristics of an organism (ex:tall)

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele

A

Dominant Allele

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12
Q

Allele that is only expressed in absence of a dominant allele

A

Recessive Allele

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13
Q

Trait that is located on an autosome (non-sex chromosome)

A

Autosomal Trait

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14
Q

Trait that is located on one of the two sex chromosomes

A

Sex-linked trait

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15
Q

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

Father of Modern Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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18
Q

has a double helix structure, backbone made up of sugar and phosphate, and rung is a pair of bases; genetic material of living organisms

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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19
Q

process in which DNA replicates (splitting of ladder and copy pasting of bases)

A

Replication

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20
Q

messenger between DNA and outside of nucleus

21
Q

brings codon and amino acid together

22
Q

a part of DNA that codes for a specific protein

23
Q

double ringed bases; purines

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A

Adenine and Guanine

24
Q

single ringed bases; pyrimidines

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A

Cytosine and Thymine

25
specific variation of the gene
Allele
26
the mixing or blending of traits; two alleles may produce an intermediate phenotype when both are present
Incomplete dominance
27
law which states that genes are found on different chromosomes; the alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
Law of Independent Assortment
28
law which states that when an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy which is selected randomly
Law of Segregation
29
real population have multiple alleles of a given gene
Multiple Alleles
30
two alleles may be simultaneously expressed when both are present
Codominance
31
some genes affect many different characteristics
Pleiotropy
32
some genes have alleles that prevent survival when homo or heteo
Lethal alleles
33
genes carried on sex chromosomes show different inheritance patterns than genes on autosomal chromosomes
Sex-linkage
34
recessive alleles of two different genes may give same phenotype
complementary genes
35
the alleles of one gene may mask or conceal the alleles of another gene
epistasis
36
some characteristics are controlled by a number of different genes
Polygenic Inheritance
37
not all individuals with a genotype display a corresponding phenotype
incomplete penetrance
38
where majority of DNA in nucleus of eukaryotes are found
nuclear DNA
39
a group of basic proteins that give DNA structure and organize it
histones
40
the complex of DNA plus histones and other structural proteins
Chromatin
41
number of chromosomes and chromosome pair in human body
46 chromosomes; 23 pairs (diploid,2n)
42
two copies of a chromosome
Sister Chromatids
43
proteins that attach sister chromatids together
Cohesins
44
point in which attachment between sister chromatids are the strongest
Centromere
45
one strand in duplicated DNA
chromatid
46
DNA makes up __
genes
47
genes make up __
chromosomes
48
chromosomes make up __
genome

NMAT 2021 (8 decks)

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