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Biology -Phenotype > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Where do regulators bind?

A

Main subgrooves in inverted repeats, as dimers

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2
Q

Negative gene regulation involves what?

A

protein repressor that blocks transcription

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3
Q

Anabolic genes

A

subject to end-product repression (need co-repressor)

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4
Q

Catabolic genes

A

induced by starting substrate (which inhibit repressor proteins)

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5
Q

Where are operators?

A

Downstream of promotor = block RNA polymerase

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6
Q

What do activators bind to?

A

Activator binding site upstream of promotor

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7
Q

Does regulon or operon have multiple dispersed gens regulated by same protein?

A

Regulon

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8
Q

Diauxic growth

A

i.e. 2 exponential growth rates

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9
Q

Example of an autokinase

A

sensor (bacterial)- can phosphorylate itself

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10
Q

When does DNA taken up by bacteria not need to be recombined in host?

A

if DNA is a self-replicating plasmid

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11
Q

Example of selection system for measuring DNA uptake

A

Auxotrophic marker, antibiotic resistance

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12
Q

How is transformed DNA taken up?

A

As single stranded molecule then recombined

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of transduction?

A

Generalised and specialised

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14
Q

4 Properties of transducing phage

A

1- can go between circular and linear
2- genes for site specific integration
3- replicates via rolling circle replication
4- phage stays in genome as PROPHAGE

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15
Q

Specialaised transduction means…

A

.. prophage excises incorrectly = acquires neighbouring host DNA and loses some of its own

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16
Q

What is oriV and OriT replication of F plasmid

A

vegetative and transfer replication

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17
Q

What do F+ cells always have? and what does it form?

A

Sex Pillus

Forms mating junction

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18
Q

What does Tral do in transfer of F+ plasmid?

A

nicks DNA and has helicase activity to unwind DNA fro transfer

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19
Q

What is an episome?

A

plasmid that also integrates into the chromosome

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20
Q

Is F plasmid an episome?

A

Yes

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21
Q

what is clockwise/counterclockwise orientation of F dependant on?

A

Original recombination

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22
Q

Do archaea do transforamtion?

A

some

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23
Q

what happens in genome following insertion of transposable element?

A

duplication of a few base pairs after insertion

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of transpostion?

A

Conservative- non replicated, just transpired

Replicative- stays in host DNA and new location

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25
What are the 2 types of transpostion?
Conservative- non replicated, just transpired | Replicative- stays in host DNA and new location
26
how can you screen for mutants followign transposition?
using biofilm formation and staining assay following by sequencing
27
How does sanger sequencing work?
Add chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides usign DNA polymerase THEN electrophoresis
28
Sequence analysis of Sanger sequencing...
... use diff fluorescent indicators for each molecule and detect using laster in capillary tube
29
How do we determine position of promotor, introns, exons ect ?
compare cDNA and genomic clone sequences
30
What is a use of Southern blot analysis?
see how many fragments are similar to the gene on interest
31
what are the 2 methods of gene expression analysis?
Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization
32
What is the benefit of using dual-antibody technique to detect proteins?
allows signal amplification so better sensitivity
33
what do His- tagged proteins bind to?
Nickel column | so can be purified using this method
34
What technique is immunohistochemistry very similar to?
Western blot analysis (used tissue section instead of gel blot)
35
RNA expression patterns can be investigated by what techniques?
northern blotting or in situ hybridisation
36
protein accumulation patterns can be investigated by what techniques?
western blotting or in sutu in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry
37
what strategies can be used to analyse genomic DNA?
souther blotting or FISH to determine copy number
38
What vector delivery system can not be used with transient transformation?
Targeted integration, knock in/out
39
What is the main difference between transient snd stable DNA transformation ?
Transient- not integrated into host genome | Stable- Integrated into host genome
40
Give an advantage and disadvantage of calcium phosphate precipitation method of transformation
+ cheap, quick, no vector required | - only for mammalian cell line
41
How does electroporation cell transformation work?
Electric field causes cell polarization = pores in membrane for DNA entry
42
Where is transient DNA injected to during microinjection?
Male pronucleus
43
What particles does microprojectile bombardment use for DNA transformation?
Gold (tungsten) particle coated in DNA
44
Name 2 mammalian viruses adapted as vectors
Adenovirus (transient) | Lentivirus (stable)
45
2 Risks of using viral vectors fro mammalian expression
1- integrating vectors may activate cellular oncogenes | 2- non-integrating vectors offer less stable expression
46
What parasitic bacterium is used in the most common method for transforming plants?
A. tumefaciens
47
What is a common promotor in mammalian, drosophila and plant cells?
Actin
48
What is ultimate outcome of RNA interference (RNAi) mediated suppression of gene expression?
mRNA degradation
49
What does genome editing using designer nucleases facilitate?
Gene insertion, correction or knockout of a specific gene
50
Name 2 examples of agricultural application of cell transformation
Golden rice- express vitamin A Glyphosphate resistant crops- Roundup ready soybeans Blight resistant potato
51
What is a medical application of transformed cells?
Use as 'factories' to make insulin, HGH, Hep. B vaccine...
52
What is non-mendelian inheritance?
traits determined by genes outside chromosomes in organelles
53
What is the name of the structures mitochondrial DNA exists in?
nucleoids - mostly circular DNA
54
How many genes in the human mitochondrial genome?
37 and no introns
55
Does chloroplast DNA have introns?
YES
56
What bigger chloroplast or mitochondrial genome?
Chloroplast
57
How might genes have been lost in endosymbiotic organnelles?
genes transferred to nucleus then redundant sequences lost
58
What is the key concepts of the hYdrogen hypothesis?
Host- used H and CO2 to produce methane | Future mitochondrion - produced H and CO2 as by product of anaerobic respiration as facultatively anaerobic eubacterium
59
What is autophagy?
Autophagy is the body's way of cleaning out damaged cells, in order to regenerate newer, healthier cells
60
Difference between heteroplasmic and homoplasmic cells?
``` Hetero= mixture of organelle genomes Homo= 1 type ```
61
Why might mutations in mitochondrial genomes be maternally inherited?
Maternal gametes usually bigger so more organelles donated.( + some cells degrade male organelles)
62
What is good about sticky ends when restriction enzymes cut DNA?
overhang makes easier to ligate and more directional
63
What are the 2 steps of joining cut DNA?
hydrogen bind formation then phosphodiester bond formation (ATP-dependant)
64
What are the 2 types genetic libraries?
genomic and cDNA
65
What is the simplest vector (for small insertion)?
plasmids
66
What retroviRal enzyme is used to coNvert mRNA to cDNA?
reverse transcriptase
67
What are the 3 steps of PCR?
denature, anneal, extend
68
What are the 4 steps of the hierarchical genome sequencing approach?
1) clone target genome in BAC vectors 2) identify minimal set of overlapping clones 3) shotgun 4) sequencing and assembly
69
What genome sequencing approach did the public human genome project use?
hierarchical genome sequencing
70
What is the approach used by celera genomics?
whole genome shotgun approach
71
What does 454 pyrosequencing use and measure?
emulsion PCR and measures light intensity
72
What is required once sequencing has been performed?
Bioinformatics e.g. BLAST
73
WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE TYPE OF 2ND GENERATION GENOME SEQUENCING?
illumina sequencing | uses glass flow cells and bridge amplification

Biology -Phenotype (5 decks)

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