Prokaryotes

Question 1

4 types of prokaryotic cell division with unequal products

Answer 1

1- simple budding
2- budding form hyphae
3- cell division of stalked organism
4- polar growth

Question 2

What is dilution rate in cell growth cultures?

Answer 2

rate of adding medium to maintain exponential growth phase

Question 3

Different pH type resistant names

Answer 3

Acidophiles, neutrophiles, alkaliphiles

Question 4

Name for prokaryotes tolerant to low/negative temp.

Answer 4

Psychrophiles

Question 5

Name for resistant to NaCl tolerant prokaryote

Answer 5

Extreme halophile

Question 6

Name for organism which can grow in high sugars

Answer 6

osmophiles

Question 7

what is the main characteristic of xerophile s?

Answer 7

can grow in very dry conditions

Question 8

Whats important about compatible solutes?

Answer 8

compatible with cellular cytoplasm

Question 9

Whats another name for compatible solute?

Answer 9

Osmoprotector

Question 10

What is a faculative aerobe?

Answer 10

microorganism which can perform aerobic, anaerobic respiration or fermentation BUT peforms better with O2

Question 11

What is an aerotolerant microorganism?

Answer 11

Fermentation- growth not better when O2 present

Question 12

What is shift down?

Answer 12

rich to poor medium

= cessation of growth followed by growth increase = stringent response

Question 13

What refolds denatured proteins?

Answer 13

Dnak (in heatshock situation)

Question 14

What type of plasmid confer antibiotic resistance?

Answer 14

R-plasmids

Question 15

What on plasmids can kill related bacteria?

Answer 15

Bacteriocins

Question 16

What genes make plasmids self-transmissabel?

Answer 16

tra genes

Question 17

Are plasmids in same incompatibilty group compatible or incompatible?

Answer 17

INCOMPATIBLE

Question 18

How does polymerase know if DNA is new?

Answer 18

New DNA is not methylated. Its then methylated fro DnaA binding.

Question 19

What is the name of the structure formed in the membrane during cell division?

Answer 19

Divisome

Question 20

What is the role of the MinCD oscillator in cell division?

Answer 20

partitioning of chromosome + how well cell wall forms at division plane + ensures formation of FtsZ ring in middle of cell

Question 21

What forms in bands perpendicular to cell wall in most rod-shaped bacteria and doriects peptidoglycan synthesis to cell wall?

Answer 21

MreB

Question 22

what is the target of penicillin?

Answer 22

Transpeptidation

Question 23

Bacterial replication strategy limiting factor and advantage

Answer 23

positive selective for fastest dividing= limiting step is DNA-replication= selection for small genome

Question 24

Why are mitochondria important for eukaryotes?

Answer 24

oxphos happens in mitochondrial membranes SO more ATP and no sa:vol limitation

Question 25

what did mitchondria and chloroplasts evolve from

Answer 25

mitochondria from proteobacterium | chloroplasts from cyanobacterium

Question 26

What is syntrophy?

Answer 26

phenomenon of one species living off the metabolic products of another species.

Question 27

What is evolution of eukaryotic cell as result of?

Answer 27

syntrophy between facultative anaerobic bacterium and anaerobic q archaeon

Question 28

How did newly endosymbiotic cells avoid O2 toxicity?

Answer 28

Migration to O2 rich waters = selection to maintain oxphos genes

Question 29

Why is retention of reduced endosymbiont genome important?

Answer 29

For local control of electron transport chain

Question 30

approximately how many genes in a modern mitochondrion?

Answer 30

less than 40

Question 31

Where is signal peptide located for protein secretion?

Answer 31

N-terminus

Question 32

How are trans-membrane domains interpreted by translocation channel?

Answer 32

as stop-transfer and restart-transfer during synthesis