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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA that contains instruction for the production of biological molecules ( such as protein. )m

pretty much codes for a particular typeof protein

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2
Q

What is A T , C G

A

DNA is composed of four different nucleotides.

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3
Q

Where is our DNA stored?

A

Almost all of our DNA is arranged into tightly coiled structures called chromosomes.

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4
Q

Other than the nucleus, where is a small amount of DNA found?

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

What is the ‘genome’?

A

All DNA contained in one cell is called the genome.

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6
Q

How similar is our genome compared to other people?

A

It is a cell which is approx 99.8% identical to every other human.

The 0.2% variation

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7
Q

Nucleotides differ in their sugar component.? true or false

A

The sugar and the phosphate parts are the same in all four nucleotides.

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8
Q

When heating DNA what happens?

A

Each double helical DNA molecule separates ( dissociation ) to form two single chains of DNA.

After cooled down, the DNA return to a double-stranded helix form ( re association )

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9
Q

Why are there pairs A-T and C-G

A

They are complementary base pairing that occur between bases in the two chains of a DNA double helix.

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10
Q

What are the letters called?

A

bases, or nucleotides

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11
Q

Chromatid meaning?

key word to remember:
chromosome independent

A

ONE of the two halves of a replicated chromosome.

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12
Q

Centromere meaning?

A

Middle, an is essential to segregation chromosome during mitosis.

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13
Q

Telomere meaning?

A

End of the chromosome. Consisting of the same short DNA sequence repeated over and over again.

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14
Q

Histone meaning?

A

It provides structural support to a chromosome.

Histone are protein molecules.

Long DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins, giving the chromosome a more compact shape, so DNA can fit into the cell nucleus.

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15
Q

Variation of histone?

A

Some variants of histones are associated with the regulation of gene expression.

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16
Q

allele meaning?

A

An allele is ONE of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristic, such as blood type or colorblindness

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17
Q

Autosome meaning?

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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18
Q

Base Pairs meaning?

A

a pair of complementary bases in a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule,

Cytosine always pairs with guanine, and adenine with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA).

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19
Q

good soup

A

https://quizlet.com/147075887/ch-13-genomes-genes-alleles-and-chromosomes-ccw-2021-flash-cards/

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20
Q

Cytosine

A

a nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine;

when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

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21
Q

thymine

A

a nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine;

when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

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22
Q

adenine

A

a nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine; when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

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23
Q

Base sequence

A

The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.

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24
Q

How is length of DNA usually defined?

A

Length is usually defined as the number of base pairs

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25
chromosome
Tightly coiled DNA that is in the nucleus of cells
26
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
27
Double helix
a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule. The shape of DNA
28
dominant
A trait that is always expressed if an allele is inherited
29
what isa gene overgenelised
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
30
genomics meaning
the branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.
31
homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes containing a maternal and paternal chromatid joined to together at the centromere.
32
hydrogen bonds
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
33
karyotype
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
34
gene locus
The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located.
35
non-disjunction
The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei
36
nucleic acids
a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
37
nucleotide
a compound consisting of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and linked to a nitrogenous base . Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
38
maternal
relating to or derived from the mother
39
paternal
related through the father
40
proteomics
study of the structure and function of proteins in the human body
41
recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele if present
42
Chromatin
Chromatin is a substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and protein.
43
when are chromosomes usually tightly coiled
usually when a cell is reproducing but usually chromosomes exist in a loose, noodle like structure
44
what is a chromosome?
entire chain of DNA along with a group os stablising proteins
45
structure of chromosomes throughout cell cycle?
interphase: fine threads metaphase: distinct defined chromosomes
46
10,000 fold difference in size between DNA helix stretched out and the size of a metaphase chromosome - How?
Proteins associated with DNA
47
DNA plus Histones
Chromatin
48
What does all somatic cels have?
23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes
49
how many chromosomes does gametes have
egg or sperm have 23 chromosomes
50
what are gametes number called
haploids or n
51
what are somatic cell number called
diploid or 2n
52
what is karyotype used for
detect chromosomal abnormalities in human
53
in karyotype how are chromosomes placed in homologous pairs
- length - banding pattern - centromere position
54
what is the 23rd pair of chromosome called
sex chromosome
55
in karyotype where is the largest chromosome
no 1 and smallest is at the end
56
in karyotype where is the largest chromosome
no 1 and smallest is at the end
57
What can change in number of chromosome result
NON-DISJUNCTION
58
What can change in number of chromosome result
NON-DISJUNCTION
59
what is NON-DISJUNCTION
chromosome may fail to seperate during meiosis resulting gametes to have too few or too many chromosomes
60
Down syndrome
three 21st chromosome 47 chromo
61
turner syndrome
single x chromosome 45 chromo
62
klinefelter syndrome
XXY chromosomes 47 chromo
63
abnormality for Down syndrome
trisomy 21
64
abnormality for turner syndrome
monosomy X
65
abnormality for klinefelter syndrome
xxy
66
HOW does structural abnormalities happen
large section of DNA are missing or added to a chromosome
67
when is karyotype typically taken
right or before metaphase, has two sister chromatid from 1 of two visible in one number
68
what does phrase 'type of protein refer as '
the protein can be arranged differently which is called allele
69
What is alleles also
different version of a gene
70
homozygous
if two alleles ( one from mum and one from dad ) are the same
71
heterozygous
if two alleles ( one from mum and one from dad ) are the DIFFERENT
72
IN HETROZYGOUS what is the characteristic of the two alleles
one allele is dominant | other is recessive
73
when will recessive be express
when it is homozygous recessive
74
genotype
collection of alleles we have so two alleles : eg. BB, Bb, bb
75
phenotype
characteristics from genotype , so expression of trait eg. blue eyes or green
76
In rabbits, white fur (W) is dominant to black (w), and long ears (E) are dominant to short ears (e). A breeder mates two rabbits that are heterozygous (WwEe) for both traits. What is the chance that the offspring will be black with long ears?
3/16​
77
pedigree
analysing the inheritance patterns of a trait within a family
78
circle pedigree
female
79
square pedigree
male
80
coloured pedigree
phenotype observed
81
horizontal line
marriage line , reproduced
82
horizontal line down
sibling line
83
horizontal line on edge
marriage to sibling not incest
84
coloured doesnt not always mean
FF or ff , observe the patterns of family
85
Blood type A, geno and pheno
pheno: Type A geno: I^A, I^A or I^a, OR I
86
Blood type A,B geno and pheno
pheno : type A geno I^A I^B
87
Type O geno
ii
88
dominant and recessive traits are
Medeian traits
89
How many phenotypes in incomplete dominance
three
90
what is incomplete dominance
there isnt a clear dominant allele, if R is red r is white Rr is pink
91
what is co- dominance
mix, and speckled BOTH ARE EXPRESSED
92
POLYGENTIC TRAITS
various genes to determine height, skin colour, etc
93
epistasis
one gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed
94
epigenetics;
doesnt change dna but decides whether some genes are expressed in different cells in your body
95
methyl group
little carbon and hydrogen compounds that give outside instructions
96
how does methyl group control genome
by binding to a gene and saying "no not express the gene."
97
histone wrap for expression of gene
more loosely = gene express more tightly = express less
98
methyl and histone function like
m: switch h: knob
99
genome and epigenome
genome : does the work epigenome: tells the genome what to do
100
what is epigenome
protein or dna wrapped it have small chemical tags . the tags attach to the genome of a given cell is epigenome
101
Methylation
an alcohol group/molecule that attaches to DNA like a tag, and interferes with how the DNA is read/suppresses the genes from being expressed
102
Difference between genes and alleles
A gene is a specific section of a chromosome where the base pairs that code for the characteristic are stored whereas an allele is the actual sequence of the base pairs in the section.
103
DNA Structure
DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. ACGT
104
Translocation Karyotypes
Translocation is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome.
105
Patterns of Inheritance
Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominance Incomplete dominance Codominance
106
Autosomal recessive
Autosomal recessive inheritance is a way a genetic trait or condition can be passed down from parent to child.
107
Autosomal dominance
Autosomal dominance is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic diseases. the mutated gene is a dominant gene located on one of the nonsex chromosomes (autosomes).
108
Gene Expression
Histone modifications DNA methylation Examples; stress, diet etc.
109
What a normal "wild type" Drosophila looks like
-wild-type fruit flies have brick-red eyes, -yellow-brown in color have transverse black rings across their abdomen and wings that extend beyond their abdomen
110
How to distinguish between males and females.
FEMALE: pointed end, more stripes, wing is longer, abdom is longer MALE: less stripes, darker end, shorter wings
111
Why they are so commonly used for genetics research.
- similar features to human - short life cycle - is ethical - low chromosome and small genome size

Biology (7 decks)

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