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Biology Honors > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

He was a monk and the father of genetics who studied pea plants to create Mendels Laws

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2
Q

Mendels Laws

A

-Law of Dominance
-Law of Segregation
-Law of Independent Assortment

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3
Q

Law of Dominance

A

In a hybrid only the dominant trait is seen, there is no blending of traits

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4
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Alleles separate during meiosis and can come together in different pairings during fertilization

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5
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Traits are usually inherited independently of each other

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6
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes that often go together like freckles and red hair

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7
Q

Gene-Chromosome Theory

A

Different form of genes are Alleles and can be uppercase (dominant) and lowercase (recessive)

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8
Q

Locus

A

The spot on a chromosome where the gene is located

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9
Q

Allele

A

Different form of the same gene (brown hair/red hair)

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10
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of a person that you CANNOT SEE (TT, Tt, tt)

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11
Q

Homozygous Dominant

A

TT

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12
Q

Homozygous Recessive

A

tt

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Tt

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14
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearances we can see due to genes (tall/short)

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15
Q

Punnett Square

A

Used to see the possible allele assortments when crossing two organisms
t t
T🔲 🔲
t 🔲 🔲

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16
Q

Test Cross

A

Where you cross an unknows Genotype with a homozygous recessive to figure out that person genes

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17
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Both alleles and capitalized because they blend when put together (RW-pink)

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18
Q

Codominance

A

When both alleles are expressed equally because they both appear on the organism

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19
Q

Sex Linkage

A

When diseases or traits are connected to the X or Y chromosome

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20
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Tracking two genes with a punnet square

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21
Q

T.H. Morgan

A

Discovered sex-linked chromosomes by studying fruit flies

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22
Q

Sex Linked Disorders

A

-Colorblindness
-Hemophilia
-Muscular Dystrophy

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23
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

Bacteria transformation with “factors” discovered that bacteria share “factors” which were not yet known as DNA

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24
Q

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

A

Discovered that “factors” were actually DNA

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25
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

They worked with bacteriophages and discovered that DNA contains genetic information

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26
Q

Watson and Crick (Rose Franklin)

A

They discovered that DNA’s structure is an alpha helix

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27
Q

Helicase

A

Breaks open the two DNA strands

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28
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Attaches to one strand of DNA and makes a complementary strand

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29
Q

DNA Transcription

A

How RNA is made

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30
Q

Codon

A

a group of three bases Ex. TGC

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31
Q

Promoter Region

A

The beginning of a gene

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32
Q

What Facilitates RNA Polymerase Binding

A

Transcription factors bind to the strand in order to facilitate the polymerase binding

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33
Q

What you need to do DNA Translation

A

Translating the mRNA into a protein you need:
-mRNA
-ribosome
-T-RNA
-amino acids

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34
Q

How Translation Happens

A

The small subunit binds to the first codon, the T-RNA connects to the codon, and the large subunit goes on top. The TRNA corresponds to the codon and has an amino acid on top. A new TRNA comes in and replaces the old one allowing the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

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35
Q

Polysomes/Polyribosomes

A

Multiple ribosomes translating mRNA at the same time
5’–>3’

36
Q

Operon

A

A grouping of DNA with the same function in BACTERIA

37
Q

Types of Genes in an Operon

A
  1. regulator gene
  2. promoter
  3. operator
    4a-c. structural genes
38
Q

Regulator Genes of an Operon

A

Codes for a repressor protein

39
Q

Promoter of an Operon

A

Site for RNA polymerase binding

40
Q

Operator of an Operon

A

On/Off switch for structural genes

41
Q

Structural Genes of an Operon

A

Code for enzymes to digest lactose (in this case)

42
Q

Gene Regulation in Higher Organisms

A

-environment
-differential coilling
-transcription factors
-differential mRNA splicing
-epigenetics

43
Q

Differential Coilling

A

DNA coils are looser so they can be read and tighter so they cannot

44
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Things that must be in place in order for polymerase binding, if they aren’t there will be no copying of the DNA into mRNA

45
Q

Differential mRNA Splicing

A

Taking away the introns in a gene code so the extrons are in a better order for different proteins to be made

46
Q

Introns

A

Regions of DNA that are spliced out because they code for nonsense

47
Q

Extrons

A

Pieces of DNA that are expressed and that do code for proteins

48
Q

Epigenetic Tags

A

Groups that bond to genes and can effect how they are expressed (turning them on/off) they are passed down through your genetics

49
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

A change in DNA

50
Q

Chromosomal Mutations

A

Mutations in a whole chromosome number or structure

51
Q

Gene Mutations

A

Mutations in the sequence of a specific gene

52
Q

Causes of Mutation

A

-random errors
-mutagens

53
Q

Types of Chromosomal Mutations

A

-translocations
-inversions
-additions
-deletions
-nondisjunction
-polyploidy

54
Q

Translocation

A

A chunk of information from one chromosome moves to a nonhomologous chromosome

55
Q

Inversion

A

A chunk of the chromosome gets inverted

56
Q

Addition

A

Genes get added from a homologous chromosome

57
Q

Deletion

A

A section of the chromosome is lost/deleted

58
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes don’t separate during meiosis so the child is born with extra or missing chromosomes

59
Q

Polyploidy

A

A form of nondisjunction in plants where they end up with 3n-5n chromosomes (enlarged fruit) farmers purposely do it using mutagens

60
Q

Types of Gene Mutations

A

-point mutation
-deletion
-addition
-substitution
-missense mutation
-nonsense mutation
-silent mutation

61
Q

Pont Mutation

A

A change in a single nucleotide

62
Q

Addition/Deletion

A

This causes a frameshift and the codons to be read in the wrong groups

63
Q

Missense Mutation

A

The altered nucleotide causes an altered codon and an altered protein

64
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

The altered nucleotide causes for a premature stop codon

65
Q

Silent Mutation

A

There is no change in the protein

66
Q

Barbra McClintock

A

She discovered transposons (jumping genes)

67
Q

Transposons

A

Also known as jumping genes, they cut out and reinsert a piece of genetic information into a different place

68
Q

Pedigree Chart

A

Allows people to track family diseases
circle = girl
square = guy
dark = has the disease
half dark = carrier

69
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

-altered hemoglobin
-African people
-die early

70
Q

PKU

A

-cannot break down phenylalanine
-diagnosed with baby urine
-need diet so you don’t get brain damage

71
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

-cannot break down lipids in brain
-affects jews
-no cure

72
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

-mucus builds up in the lungs
-affects europeans

73
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

-DOMINANT
-break down of brain cells and death in 30s/40s

74
Q

Down Syndrome

A

-extra 21st chromosome
-causes mental and physical abnormalities

75
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

-girl with only one X (XO)
-undeveloped physical features

76
Q

Klinefelters Syndrome

A

-XXY
-considered male
-underdeveloped physical features

77
Q

Karyotyping

A

Getting a picture of someones genes (can include sorting them)

78
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Extracting amniotic fluid out of the uterus and using the baby skin cells in it to look for disease

79
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

Taking a portion of the placenta to look for chromosomal diseases in the baby

80
Q

Genetic Counseling

A

Someone creates a pedigree chart for the family to explain possible diseases

81
Q

Ultrasound

A

Blasting soundwaves at the baby in order to develop an image of them

82
Q

Fetoscopy

A

The camera looks into the uterus and can have an attachment for sample collection

83
Q

Types of Genetic Engineering

A
  1. Selective breeding
  2. Inbreeding
  3. Outbreeding
  4. Creating mutations
  5. Cloning
  6. Recombinant DNA technology
84
Q

How to Create Recombinant DNA

A

Extract a bacterias plasmid DNA and replace it with desired gene. Cut it open using restriction enzymes

85
Q

Plasmid

A

A small accessory circle of DNA in a bacteria that is not vital for survival but helps it to survive

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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