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Biology Honors > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

basic unit of nervous system

A

neuron

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2
Q

dendrite part of neuron

A

short branches off of cell body/cyton they receive signals

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3
Q

cell body/cyton

A

contains the organelles of the neuron and does the metabolic activities

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4
Q

axon

A

long fiber that connects the cell body
to the terminal branches

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5
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin

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6
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulation on the axon

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7
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

space in between schwann cells/mylin on axon

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8
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

immune system attacks your mylin

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9
Q

terminal branches

A

send signals from the axon to the synaptic knobs

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10
Q

synaptic knobs

A

the electrical signal causes the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles

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11
Q

synapse

A

space between two neurons

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12
Q

types of neurons

A

~sensory neurons
~interneurons
~motor neurons

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13
Q

sensory neurons

A

send messages from receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

interneurons/associative neurons

A

relay messages from neuron to neuron (very short)

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15
Q

motor neurons

A

send messages from brain and spinal cord to effectors

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16
Q

effectors

A

muscles and glands

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17
Q

receptors

A

eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin

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18
Q

nerves

A

bundles or neurons

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19
Q

charges of a neuron at rest

A

outside = positive

inside = negative

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20
Q

when a membrane is polarized

A

it is separated

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21
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

pumps potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

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22
Q

stimulus

A

an outside factor that causes an impulse
ex. light, heat, sound, pain

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23
Q

stimulus

A

an outside factor that causes an impulse
ex. light, heat, sound, pain

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24
Q

path of an impulse

A

a stimulus causes a receptor to produce an impulse that goes to the brain to produce a response

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25
Q

action potential

A

wave of depolarization and re polarization along the neuron

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26
Q

depolarization

A

sodium gates open when there is enough stimulus and positively charged sodium goes into the cell (cell becomes positive inside negative outside) then the potassium gates open and the positive potassium leaves (repolarization, cell becomes negative)

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27
Q

resting charge of inside the neuron

A

-70 mV, negatively charges

28
Q

how does mylin effect the depolarization/repolarization wave?

A

since the pumps can only be at the nodes of ranvier since the pumps can be under mylin, the signal travels faster

29
Q

saltatory conduction

A

when the depolarization/repolarization wave travels faster due to mylin being on the nerve membrane

30
Q

how the signal crosses the synapse

A

the electrical gets converted to a chemical signal called neurotransmitters that cross the synapse and bind to the receptors of the next nerve. enzymes then break down the old neurotransmitters

31
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

a place where the motor end plates of a neuron is nea muscle and the neurotransmitters bind to the muscle and cause contractions

32
Q

protist nerve regulation

A

they respond directly to stimulus and have irritability, no neurons or nervous system

33
Q

irritability

A

whole organism response to stimulus

34
Q

hydra nervous regulation

A

they have a nerve net and their neurons have two-way transmissin. they have irritability

35
Q

worm nervous regulation

A

they have two central nerve cords with one-way transmission. ganglia serve as their brains.

36
Q

ganglia

A

spots in a worm where smaller nerves branch off from the two central nerve cords

37
Q

nervous regulation in humans

A

central nervous system with brain and dorsal spinal cord. peripheral nervous system with nerves to and from receptors and effectors

38
Q

brain

A

protected by cranium, is the computing center

39
Q

meninges membrane

A

the membrane around the brain

40
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid that surrounds the brain

41
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest part of the brain, it’s divided down the middle into right and left. controls volentary body actions, thought, and many receptors abilities. has unmylinated and myelinated cells. controls data between both sides of the cortex

42
Q

corpus callosum

A

nerves that cross the brain hemispheres

43
Q

hippocampus

A

it is where memory comes from although long term memory is stored in the cerebrum

44
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates movements

45
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls your reflexes

46
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls your body temperature, blood pressure, sleep, emotions and it regulates the pituitary gland

47
Q

reflex

A

and action that you are born with that requires no thought

48
Q

instinct

A

a sequence of reflexes you are born with (butterflies migrating)

49
Q

conditioned reflex

A

learned behavior together with a reflex like when dog training

50
Q

conditioned response

A

when you associate one stimulus with another. you learn it from someone else. like fear

51
Q

habit

A

a quick behavior that is thoughtless. repition and desire

52
Q

imprinting

A

copying the behavior of the assumed parents

53
Q

spinal cord

A

a bundle of nerves that goes from the medulla down the vertebral column. protected by the vertebre

54
Q

what controls reflexes

A

the spinal cord

55
Q

reflex arc

A

stimulus activates a sensory neuron that sends a signal to the spinal cord when sends a signal to the motor neuron

56
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

made of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

57
Q

somatic nervous system

A

deals with voluntary motions

58
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

made of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, controls involuntary events

59
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

causes for relaxation

60
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

causes for tension (when u feel like something is an emergency)

61
Q

order of things in the eyes from out to in

A

cornea
iris
pupil
lense
sclera
choroid coat
retina

62
Q

sclera

A

the whites of the eyes

63
Q

cornea

A

place where light enters the eye. provides focus

64
Q

choroid coat

A

beneath the sclera, stops reflection inside eye

65
Q

iris

A

controls the amount of light let into the eye, colored

66
Q

pupil

A

hole at the center of the iris where light enters

67
Q

lens

A

focuses light on the retina

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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