Genetics

Question 1

Sex chromosome

Answer 1

Sex-determining chromosomes (X and Y)

Question 2

Autosomal chromosome

Answer 2

gene on the numbered, non-sex determining chromosomes.

Question 3

Trait

Answer 3

A variation of a heritable feature

Question 4

Character

Answer 4

A heritable feature

Question 5

Dominant/recessive

Answer 5

Dominant is expressed when present, and is represented by a capital letter. Recessive is only expressed when dominant allele is not present and is represented by lowercase letters.

Question 6

Genotype

Answer 6

The pair of alleles an individual possesses

Question 7

Phenotype

Answer 7

What is expressed in an individual

Question 8

Homozygous

Answer 8

Alleles are the same

Question 9

Heterozygous

Answer 9

Alleles are different

Question 10

Test cross

Answer 10

Crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype with an individual with the recessive phenotype to produce offspring to determine the second allele of the dominant phenotype parent.

Question 11

Punnett square

Answer 11

A diagram used to organize gamete types in order to predict the outcome of specific genotype crosses

Question 12

Codominance vs Incomplete dominance

Answer 12

Both expressed only in the heterozygote individual.
Codominance is when both alleles are expressed distinctly whereas with incomplete dominance, the alleles are expressed as a blended intermediate.

Question 13

Sex-linked

Answer 13

Traits that are found on the X (and sometimes Y) chromosomes

Question 14

Linked genes

Answer 14

Genes that are on the same chromosome and don’t assort independently
- crossing over may separate linked traits, but doesn’t give expected ratios

Question 15

Polygenic additive traits

Answer 15

Multiple genes affecting one phenotype in an additive manner
- Ex. Melanin

Question 16

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 16

The same gene producing different phenotypes under different environmental conditions.
- Results from environment affecting protein function or epigenetic effects

Question 17

Pedigree

Answer 17

The documented ancestry of an individual.
- Females represented by circles, males represented by squares
- The shaded individuals represent an expressed trait or the ‘trait of interest’

Question 18

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 18

A lab technique used to separate samples of DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on size using an electrical charge.
Movement is caused by an electrical current
- DNA and RNA are negative and will be attracted to the positive end.
-Proteins may be positive or negative, so they are placed in the middle and will move to the positive or negative side depending on their charge.
- Smaller molecules move farther through the gel than larger molecules.

Question 19

Blood Types

Answer 19

A and B are both codominant to type O
O is the universal donor because it doesn’t have any antigen and won’t react with a person’s blood