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honors biology s1 & s2 > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

define genetics

A

continuity

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2
Q

what does mitosis do

A

make diploid somatic cells

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3
Q

what does meiosis do

A

make haploid gametes

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4
Q

what is the human diploid number

A

46 or 23 pairs of chromosomes

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5
Q

what is the human haploid number

A

23 chromosomes

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6
Q

what don’t chromosomes not come in pairs of?

A

gametes or reproductive cells

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7
Q

mitosis and meiosis differences (3)

A

mitosis is a shorter process, makes diploid somatic cells, that are identical copies of DNA while meiosis is longer, makes haploid gametes, and crossing over results in new DNA combinations

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8
Q

who is mendel

A

father of genetics

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9
Q

describe what a true breeding plant is

A

a plant that always produces offspring with the same traits

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10
Q

outline how Mendel produced plants that had genes for both contrasting traits of a characteristic

A

First, he produced true breeding plants. He crossed pure plants for 2 contrasting traits. Then, the F1 generation began self-pollinating and reproducing.

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11
Q

define dominant

A

allele that is often expressed and will mask other alleles

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12
Q

define recessive

A

allele that is only expressed when present by itself

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13
Q

what are Mendel’s laws

A

Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment, and Law of Dominance

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14
Q

explain the Law of Segregation

A

pair of genes are separated during formation of gametes

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15
Q

explain the Law of Independent Assortment

A

pair of genes are separated independently of one another during formation of gametes

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16
Q

Law of Dominance

A

some “factors” dominate or cover up others

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17
Q

why are Mendel’s law’s called “laws” and not “theories”

A

his laws have exceptions

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18
Q

define genes

A

segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a hereditary trait

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19
Q

define allele

A

an alternative form of a gene

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20
Q

how did mendel’s F1 generation plants differ from his F2 generation plants?

A

F1 was a result of cross-pollination and F2 was a result of self-pollination.

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21
Q

what is a genome?

A

a map of our genes

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22
Q

how many different genotype

A

6 different genotypes

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23
Q

how many different phenotypes

A

4 types(A,AB,B,O)

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24
Q

how many alleles

A

3 (IA, IB, i)

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25
how many genes
1
26
what are the 7 characteristics Mendel observed
seed shape, pod shape, flower color, seed color, pod color, and stem length
27
what are parents called
p generation
28
what is offspring called and what is offspring's offspring called
f1 generation and f2 generation
29
define homozygous
two same alleles
30
define homozygous dominant
two dominant alleles
31
define homozygous recessive
two recessive alleles
32
define heterozygous
two different alleles
33
define phenotype
shown characteristics
34
define genotype
genetic makeup
35
define replication
exact duplicate copies of the entire DNA sequence
36
where and when does replication occur
in the nucleus during interphase
37
define transcription
mRNA copies part of the DNA sequence
38
where does transcription occur
in the nucleus/cytosol
39
define translation
mRNA code is translated into amino acid code
40
where does translation occur
in cytoplasm/ribosome
41
define codon
group of 3 nucleotides that code for 1 of the 20 different amino acids
42
what is the start codon in mRNA
AUG (methionine)
43
what are the stop codons
UGA, UAA, and UAG
44
what is the genetic flow
DNA -> mRNA transcription-> mature mRNA -> translation-> mRNA
45
define mutations
changes in structure/amount of DNA
46
what are the human bloods
red and white
47
what is Huntington's disease and what is the pattern of inheritance?
deterioration of brain tissue in middle-age, autosomal dominant
48
what is cystic fibrosis and what is the pattern of inheritance?
mucus clogs lungs and pancreas, autosomal recessive
49
what is sickle cell anemia and what is the pattern of inheritance?
organ damage due to impaired blood flow, autosomal recessive
50
what is Tay-Sachs disease and what is the pattern of inheritance?
deterioration of the central nervous system, autosomal recessive
51
what is phenylketonuria and what is the pattern of inheritance?
infant's brain fails to develop normally, autosomal recessive
52
what is marfan syndrome and what is the pattern of inheritance?
long limbs, loose joints, deformed vertebral column, crowded teeth, rupture of large arteries; autosomal dominant
53
what is breast cancer and what is the pattern of inheritance?
malignant tumors in breast tissue, autosomal dominant
54
what is hemophilia and what is the pattern of inheritance?
excessive bleeding due to blood clotting, X-linked recessive
55
what is genetic code
how a sequence of nucleotides corresponds to an amino acid
56
describe mRNA function and structure
carries genetic info from nucleus to cytosol, single chain
57
describe tRNA function and structure
carries specific amino acid, "T" shaped
58
describe rRNA function and structure
help form ribosome, globe shaped
59
how many different phenotypes are there for the human ABO blood type factor?
4 (A, AB, B, O)
60
how many different alleles are there for the human ABO blood type factor?
3 (A, B, O)
61
how many different genes are there for the human ABO blood type factor?
1
62
how many different genotypes are there for the human ABO blood type factor?
6 (IAi, IA IA, IA IB, IBi, IB IB, ii)
63
define amniocentesis
amniotic fluid around the fetus (physicians do this around 14-16 weeks)
64
what is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes
chromatin is spread out during interphase and chromosomes are coiled up
65
define complex character
characters that are strongly influenced by the environment and by genes
66
example of autosomal dominant
Breast cancer, Huntington's disease, Marfan Disease
67
example of autosomal recessive
PKU, cystic fibrosis
68
example of co-dominance/ incomplete dominance
69
example of polygenetic traits
skin color
70
example of sex-linked
hemophilia
71
example of complex characteristics
skin color, intelligence
72
example of multiple alleles
73

honors biology s1 & s2 (15 decks)

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