Genetics

Question 1

What’s meiosis

Answer 1

The dna replicated then divides itself twice to form 4 haploids , 4 separate daughter cells

Question 2

What’s mitosis

Answer 2

DNA replicates then divides to form 2 diploids, 2 identical daughter cells

Question 3

Stages of mitosis
Remember IPMATC

Answer 3

1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokenisis

Question 4

How many chromosomes do humans have

Answer 4

46
2 pairs of 23

Question 5

What’s a diploid?

Answer 5

A cell that has 46 chromosomes

Question 6

What’s a haploid?

Answer 6

A cell with 23 chromosomes

Question 7

What’s the result of mitosis ?

Answer 7

2 identical daughter cells these are diploids

Question 8

Result of meiosis

Answer 8

4 non identical daughter cells , these are diploids (23 chromosomes pairs 92 in total )

Question 9

What’s Gregor Mendel known for?

Answer 9

He realised traits can skip generations, found dominant and recessive alleles

Question 10

What is an allele?

Answer 10

Different forms of a gene

Question 11

What’s a dominant allele?

Answer 11

Only needs to be present on one allele to control the characteristics

Question 12

What’s a recessive allele?

Answer 12

Needs to be present on both to control the characteristic ( phenome)

Question 13

What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 13

You carry two different alleles. Eg. Aa

Question 14

What does homozygous mean?

Answer 14

Carry the same allele eg. aa or AA

Question 15

What’s a nucleotide

Answer 15

A sugar phosphate base

Question 16

What are the complementary base pairs

Answer 16

A,t
C,g

Question 17

A polymer is…

Answer 17

Many repeating units

Question 18

Bases are connnected with…

Answer 18

Hydrogen bonds

Question 19

How many hydrogen bonds are there between a,t

Answer 19

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 20

How meant Hydrogen bonds are between g,c

Answer 20

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 21

What’s a sequence of 3 bases called

Answer 21

A codon

Question 22

How many different amino acids are there?

Answer 22

20

Question 23

What type of molecules are proteins?

Answer 23

Macromolecules (polymer)

Question 24

What are the monomers of protein
Monomer = one unit

Answer 24

Different amino acids

Question 25

What happens to the amino acid chain when it’s done

Answer 25

Folds up to a certain shape. Shape determines size of the protein

Question 26

4 things proteins are used for….

Answer 26

Structural components Catalysts Hormones Antibodies

Question 27

Stages of protein synthesis…

Answer 27

Transcription Translation

Question 28

What is transcription?

Answer 28

Taking a single gene of dna and copying it into the structure of mRNA

Question 29

What’s translation?

Answer 29

mRNA is used as a template to form an amino acid chain

Question 30

Where does the mRNA travel to once it’s made

Answer 30

Ribosomes

Question 31

Where is RNA polymerase attached to?

Answer 31

A gene in the region that doesn’t code for a protein

Question 32

What does helicase do?

Answer 32

Separates 2 strands of dna by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the pairs

Question 33

What bases does the mRNA strand have?

Answer 33

Still g,c however in a,t T gets replaced by u G,C. A,U

Question 34

Where does the mRNA exit through when transcription is complete

Answer 34

Nuclear pores

Question 35

What does mRNA attach too?

Answer 35

Ribosomes

Question 36

What molecule is the amino acid collected by?

Answer 36

tRNA ( transfer RNA)

Question 37

What happens when ribosomes combine amino acids

Answer 37

A polypeptide chain is formed . Some proteins need multiple polypeptide chains to be formed

Question 38

What are genetic disorders?

Answer 38

Inherited conditions in humans

Question 39

What’s polydactyl?

Answer 39

Born with extra fingers or toes, caused by a dominant allele

Question 40

Is cystic fibrosis caused by a dominant or reccesive allele?

Answer 40

Recessive

Question 41

What s a gene?

Answer 41

a series of bases on a DNA molecule which codes for a series of amino acids in a

Question 42

What’s a chromosome?

Answer 42

A thin strand of dna

Question 43

What’s a phenotype ?

Answer 43

The observable characteristics of an organism

Question 44

What’s a genotype ?

Answer 44

The alleles behind a certain trait

Question 45

What’s asexual reproduction?

Answer 45

Where one parent can produce a new life

Question 46

Where does asexual reproduction often happen?

Answer 46

Fungi Bacteria

Question 47

Is meiosis or mitosis used for asexual reproduction

Answer 47

Mitosis used used for asexual reproduction as two identical diploid cells are made.

Question 48

What does parthenogenesis mean?

Answer 48

The ability to reproduce asexually. Unfertilised egg develops into new individual It’s very rare

Question 49

What’s an example of something that can reproduce asexually?

Answer 49

Aphids, also known as greenfly can reproduce asexually

Question 50

How to know if something is asexually reproductive ?

Answer 50

There’s no fusion of gametes Genes from only one parent Offspring show no variation and are identical

Question 51

Describe the structure of RNA.

Answer 51

Single stranded Ribose sugar 5 carbon sugar Phosphate group Adenine, uracil,cytosine, guanine

Question 52

What are the 3 main types or rna? What do they do

Answer 52

Messenger rna (mRNA)- Transfers dna to code for ribosomes Transfer rna ( (tRNA) bring amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA)- ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein

Question 53

What do gene mutations result from?

Answer 53

Changes in a singlegene

Question 54

What do chromosomal mutations result from?

Answer 54

Changes in whole chromosomes

Question 55

What’s a point mutation?

Answer 55

Affects one nucleotide, thus occurring at a single point on a gene

Question 56

What’s frameshift mutation?

Answer 56

Inserting an extra nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to shift