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SBI4U - Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Gene

A

Small part of DNA w/info for specific molecule

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2
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Variation of DNA sequence in genome

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3
Q

Genetic Expression

A

DNA > RNA > Protein

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4
Q

Transcription

A

Copy DNA > mRNA

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5
Q

Promoter Region

A
  • Repeating TA bases
  • TATA Box
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6
Q

Template Strand

A

Strand copied

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7
Q

Coding Strand

A

Stand not copied

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8
Q

Transcription Initation

A
  1. RNA poly binds to promoter region
  2. RNA poly unwinds DNA
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9
Q

Transcription Elongation

A

RNA poly starts at 3’ and makes complementary mRNA strand

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10
Q

Transcription Termination

A
  1. Termination sequence signals RNA to detach
  2. mRNA strand released
  3. DNA helix reforms
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11
Q

5’ Cap

A

Methylated guanine to 5’ end for ribosomes to recognize mRNA

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12
Q

3’ Poly A Tail

A

Chain of adenine to 3’ end to make it more stable

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13
Q

Introns

A

Non coding regions

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14
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions

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15
Q

Splicing

A

Introns removed, exons joined together by spliceosome

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16
Q

Codon

A

3 mRNA bases that codes for amino acid

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17
Q

Acceptor

A

Attaches to complementary amino acid to codon

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18
Q

Anticodon

A

Complementary nucleotides to mRNA codons

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19
Q

tRNA

A

Strand of RNA that has anticodon & acceptor

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Has 3 binding sites for mRNA
  • A, P, E site
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21
Q

Translation

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A

mRNA > Protein

22
Q

Translation Initation

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A

Ribosomes recognize, attaches to mRNA near start codon (methionine)

23
Q

Translation Elongation

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A
  1. 1st RNA binds to p site
  2. Next tRNA enters a site
  3. Polypeptide is moved from tRNA in p site to a site
  4. New tRNA moves to p site, old exists from e site
  5. Another tRNA comes into a site, repeat
24
Q

Stop codon

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A

No corresponding tRNA amino acid

25
Release Factor
Protein that cuts polypeptide from last RNA
26
Translation Termination
1. mRNA teaches stop codon 2. Release factor cuts polypeptide 3. Polypeptide goes to endo ret 4. Ribosomal units, mRNA release
27
Gene regulation
Control/change to gene expression in response to conditions to environment
28
Constitutive Genes
Always kept on
29
Operon
Region of DNA that has genes involved w/metabolic pathway
30
Operator
Sequence where protein repressor binds to control transcription
31
Promoter
Signals RNA poly where to start
32
Lac Operon
- 3 genes that codes for enzymes to breakdown lactose - Negative gene regulation
33
In lack of lactose
- Lac repressor is active - Stops RNA poly from biding to promoter
34
In presence of lactose
- Lactose binds to lac repressor - Stops repressor to bind from operator
35
Trp Operon
- Genes make tryptophan - Positive gene regulation
36
Lack of tryptophan
- Repressor protein inactive
37
Prescence of tryptophan
- Tryp binds to repressors protein, which binds to operator - Stops making to save nrg
38
Pre-Transcriptional Control
DNA doesn't uncoil for RNA poly to access
39
Transcriptional Control
Transcriptional factor doesn't bind to promoter
40
Translational Control
- 5', poly A tail not added - miRNA/siRNA chops up the mRNA
41
Post Translational Control
Protein isn't folded, or put on hold by adding or removing chem grps on protein
42
Point Mutation
Substitution of 1 bp
43
Misense
Chance makes diff amino acid
44
Nonsense
Change makes stop codon (shortens protein)
45
Frame shift
Letter +/-, shifting the rest of the sequence F/B
46
Large Scale Mutation
Changes parts in a chromosome
47
Inversion
Part of chromosome breaks away & reattaches wrong order
48
Translocation
Part of chromosome move from one to another chromosome
49
Types of mutations
- Spontaneous - Induced
50
Examples of Phys & Chem Mutation
- Tobacco (+CO) - Radiation causes breaking bonds in DNA, or molecules to lose e causing mutation when intereacting w/DNA

SBI4U - Biology (9 decks)

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