Genetics

Question 1

genetics

Answer 1

study of genes and how they are passed down from parent to offspring

Question 2

heredity

Answer 2

passing on characteristics from one generation to another

Question 3

trait

Answer 3

a genetically determined characteristic

Question 4

homozygous

Answer 4

the two alleles of a pair of genes are the same
ex: PP or pp

Question 5

heterozygous

Answer 5

the two alleles in a pair of genes are different
ex: Pp

Question 6

hybrid

Answer 6

mix of genetic material from each parent that is inherited by the offspring

Question 7

genotype

Answer 7

the genetic makeup of an organism (the set of alleles it has)

Question 8

phenotype

Answer 8

the physical appearance an individual has

Question 9

dominant

Answer 9

always expressed when present

Question 10

recessive

Answer 10

expressed in the absence of the dominant allele

Question 11

punnett square

Answer 11

diagram used to predict all possible genetic outcomes in a cross between two individuals

Question 12

test cross

Answer 12

mating of an unknown genotype to an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype for a specific trait to determine the unknown genotype

Question 13

monohybrid cross

Answer 13

a cross that shows the possible offspring for one trait

Question 14

dihybrid cross

Answer 14

cross that shows the possible offspring for two traits

Question 15

law of segregation

Answer 15

when two gametes are formed, alleles for each gene seperate so each gamete gets ONE allele per gene

Question 16

law of independent assortment

Answer 16

the segregation of alleles for one gene occurs independently to that of any other gene
(ex: just because one pea is green does not mean its wrinkled)

Question 17

codominance

Answer 17

No one allele is dominant

Question 18

multiple alleles

Answer 18

controlled by three or more alleles of the same gene that all code for a single trait
(ex: hair color, eye color, ABO blood groups)

Question 19

polyploid

Answer 19

having more than two sets of chromasomes

Question 20

allele

Answer 20

alternate forms of a gene (ex: white flowers or purple flowers)

Question 21

incomplete dominance

Answer 21

two or more alleles influence the phenotype of offspring that is a blend of the phenotypes
(ex: red and white flowers blend to make pink flowers)

Question 22

pedigree

Answer 22

a chart of the genetic history of a family over several generations

Question 23

carrier

Answer 23

an individual who carries the disease but does not exhibit it. can pass it onto their children with another carrier or someone who has the disease

Question 24

x-linked genes

Answer 24

traits that are influenced by the genes on the X chromosome
Men are more likely to have a sex linked recessive trait because they only need 1 recessive allele

Question 25

deletion

Answer 25

loss of a piece of a chromosome due to breakage

Question 26

inversion

Answer 26

a chromosomal segment reeks off, flips around and reattaches

Question 27

translocation

Answer 27

a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a non homologous chromosome (put where it shouldn't be)

Question 28

nondisjunction

Answer 28

a chromosome fails to separate from its homologue during meiosis

Question 29

aneuploid

Answer 29

having an abnormal number of chromosomes

Question 30

Mendel

Answer 30

the father of genetics, developed main principles of genetics from breeding pea plants and studying the resulting offspring

Question 31

ABO blood groups

Answer 31

3 alleles: A, B, O A & B are codominant and O is recessive

Question 32

pleiotropy

Answer 32

one gene can affect many traits

Question 33

transposable elements

Answer 33

DNA sequences that can move from one location on a chromosome to another (jumping)