protein synthesis Flashcards
(33 cards)
Gene
segments of DNA that inform traits
mRNA
(messenger) copies instructions in DNA and carries them to ribosomes in the cytoplast
tRNA
(transfer) binds & carries specific amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA
(ribosomal) makes up the ribosome along with proteins
Transcription
DNA -> RNA
Transcription: Initiation
RNA polymerase enzyme bonds to promoter (DNA sequence) and RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands
Transcription: Elongation
template strand is a template for RNA polymerase, and it reads the template & builds the RNA molecule using complementary neucleotides 3’-5’
Transcription: Termination
terminators signal that RNA transcript is complete
Uracil
Nucleotide in RNA (instead of Thymine)
RNA Polymerase
Enzyme that transcribes DNA -> RNA
Central Dogma of Genetics
DNA -(transcription)-> RNA -(translation)-> proteins
Gene expression
intructions in genes are used to make proteins that determine cell function
Genetic code
instructions in genes that are code for how to make proteins
Translation
RNA interpreted to build proteins
1. mRNA attaches to subunit of ribosome
2. ribosome reads mRNA codons 5’-3’
3. tRNA anticodons bind to mRNA codons, amino acid goes to tRNA codon and added to the polypeptide chain, amino acids are put together
4. stop codon is reached, translation is finished
codon
group of 3 Nucleotides in an mRNA sequence
Anticodon (tRNA)
binds to matching mRNA codon through base pairing
Promoter
enzyme that RNA polymerase binds to, found at the begining of gene TATA box
start codon
AUG - signals beginning of protein synthesis
Stop codon
UAA, UAG, UGA
frameshift mutation
intering/deleting a base to shift the way a sequence is read
protein synthesis
process of making proteins in cells
DNA coding stand
base sequence is identical to base sequence of RNA transcript produced
point mutation
exchanges one base for another, least impactful
DNA template strand
used as template for RNA polymerase in transcription to build complementary RNA molecule
