Genetics Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is genetics?
The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Who was Mendel?
An Austrian monk known as the father of modern genetics.
Why did Mendel use pea plants to study genetics?
Pea plants have easily observable traits and can be cross-pollinated.
What is the P generation?
The parental generation in a genetic cross.
What is the F1 generation?
The first generation of offspring from the P generation.
What is the F2 generation?
The second generation of offspring, produced by interbreeding F1 individuals.
What are alleles?
Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus.
Define dominant alleles.
Alleles that express their trait even when paired with a recessive allele.
Define recessive alleles.
Alleles that express their trait only when paired with another recessive allele.
How are dominant and recessive alleles represented?
Dominant alleles are written as a capital letter (T), recessive as a lowercase (t).
What is the difference between purebred and hybrid?
Purebred (homozygous) = BB or bb; Hybrid (heterozygous) = Bb.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.
What are genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
Genotypic ratio indicates the ratio of different genotypes, phenotypic ratio indicates the ratio of different phenotypes.
What is the law of segregation?
The principle stating that alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.
What is the law of independent assortment?
The principle stating that genes for different traits segregate independently of one another.
What is probability in genetics?
The likelihood of a particular genetic outcome occurring.
How do you use a Punnett square?
A tool to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from parental genotypes.
What are the possible gametes from a heterozygous black, homozygous running mouse (BbRR)?
BR and bR.
What are the possible gametes from a homozygous brown, heterozygous running mouse (bbRr)?
bR and br.
What is incomplete dominance?
A genetic situation where the traits blend together.
Give an example of incomplete dominance.
RR=red, WW=white, RW=pink.
What is codominance?
A genetic situation where both traits are fully expressed.
Give an example of codominance.
BB=brown fur, WW=white fur, BW=roan (mix of both).
What is an example of codominance in blood types?
Type AB blood.
