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Microbiology > Genetics #2 > Flashcards

Genetics #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gene structure is…

A

Linear sequence of nucleotides with a fixed start point and an end point

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2
Q

Evolution of genes (3 steps)

A
  1. Gene (DNA or RNA)
  2. RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
  3. Polypeptide (protein/amino acid)
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3
Q

The nucleotide sequence in a gene that has the information for amino acid placement on a polypeptide

A

Coding Sequences

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4
Q

The entire gene is a continuous coding sequence in…

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

The gene is split into coding and noncoding regions in…

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

In Eukaryotes, the nucleotide that codes for amino acids

A

Exons

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7
Q

In Eukaryotes, the nucleotide that does not code for amino acids and need to be removed by splicing?

A

Introns

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8
Q

What is the advantage of alternative splicing of introns?

A
  1. Provides for more than one polypeptide per gene
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9
Q

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence

A

Transcription

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10
Q

The template is READ in the…. direction?

A

3’ to 5’ direction

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11
Q

The template strand of the DNA directs?

A

mRNA synthesis

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12
Q

The complimentary DNA strand is also called?

A

The coding strand, same nucleotide sequence of the mRNA

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13
Q

-This is located at the start of a gene

A

Promoter

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14
Q

Functions of the Promoter? (2)

A
  1. The recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase

2. Helps orient the polymerase

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15
Q

Coding sequence begins with what DNA sequence?

A

3’- TAC- 5’

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16
Q

What is the start codon? (RNA sequence)

A

AUG

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17
Q

What signals the end of the coding region?

A
  1. The stop codon
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18
Q

What 2 things follow the stop codon?

A
  1. A trailer sequence

- This contains a terminator sequence that is used to stop transcription

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19
Q

T or F: Genes that code for tRNA may code for more than a single tRNA molecule or type of tRNA?

A

True

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20
Q

t or F: Genes that code for rRNA sequence are transcribed as a single, large precursor.

A

True

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21
Q

Special ribonucleases that remove spacers between the coding regions after transcription?

A

Ribozymes

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22
Q

3 Types of RNA that are produced during transcription?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
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23
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Carries the message for protein synthesis

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24
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Carries the amino acids during protein synthesis to the ribosomes

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25
Q

Function of rRNA

A

Molecules that are components of ribosomes

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26
Q

In bacteria, this has information for 1 polypeptide?

A

Monocistronic

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27
Q

In bacteria, this has information for more than one polypeptide?

A

Polycistronic

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28
Q

In Bacteria, this has no catalytic activity but it helps the core enzyme recognize the start of genes (aka the promotor)

A

Sigma Factor

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29
Q

Holoenzyme=

A

A core enzyme + sigma factor

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30
Q

T or F: Only the core enzyme can begin transcription

A

True

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31
Q
  • This is the site of transcription

- Site where DNA polymerase binds to the initiate transcription

A

Promotor

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32
Q

The sigma factor recognizes…

A

The specific sequences located before the transcription starting point which is recognized by specific amino acids and it helps the binding factor of the RNA polymerase to correctly position the RNA polymerase

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33
Q

After binding, this enzyme unwinds the DNA

A

RNA polymerase

34
Q

Characteristics of the Transcription bubble in Bacteria…

A
  1. Moves with the polymerase as it transcribes mRNA from the template strand
  2. Within the bubble a temporary RNA:DNA hybrid is formed
35
Q

In Bacteria, Transcription termination occurs when…

A
  1. The RNA polymerase dissociates from the template DNA

2. DNA sequences mark the end of a gene in the trailer and terminator

36
Q

In Bacteria, Some terminators require the aid of an…

A

Rho factor for termination

37
Q

Ways in which Eukaryote transcription differs from Prokaryote (5)

A
  1. Eukaryote transcription occurs in the nucleus
  2. RNA products must move to cytoplasm for translation
  3. Eukaryotic protein coding genes are Monocistronic
  4. Eukaryotic genes are split or interrupted (exons and introns)
  5. Primary transcript must undergo RNA processing before it can be translated
38
Q

3 major types of RNA polymerases

A
  1. RNA polymerase II
  2. RNA polymerase 1
  3. RNA polymerase III
39
Q

Function of RNA polymerase II

A

Cataylzes mRNA synthesis

40
Q

Function of RNA polymerase 1

A

Cataylzes rRNA synthesis

41
Q

Function of RNA polymerase III

A

Synthesizes the tRNA molecules

42
Q

Instead of sigma factors, Archaea and Eukarya use…

A

Transcription factors

43
Q

Proteins that bind to the DNA and line the polymerase up to it correctly

A

Transcription Factors

44
Q

RNA transcribed from protein coding genes are called…

A

Primary Transcript

45
Q

The Primary Transcript is…

A

Not the final mRNA and it can’t be translated

46
Q

What doe the Primary transcript undergo in the nucleus?

A

Post-transcriptional Modification

47
Q

Modifications of Primary Transcript result in…

A

The final mRNA that can be moved into the cytoplasm and translated

48
Q

The 3 steps that RNA Processing includes…

A
  1. 5’ cap of 7- Methlyguanosine
  2. Addition of 3’ Poly-A Tail
  3. Removal of introns and splicing together axons
49
Q

What are the functions of the cap and the tail? (3)

A
  1. Protect mRNA
  2. Signals that it is ready to go to the cytoplasm
  3. Helps the ribosome recognize the mRNA in cytoplasm
50
Q

Introns are removed from the initial RNA transcript by…

A

RNA splicing

51
Q

Slicing of the pre-RNA occurs in a large complex called?

A

Splicosome

52
Q

When the pre-RNA is spliced so different patterns of exons remain…

A

Alternative Splicing

53
Q

Characteristics of Transcription in Archaea…

A
  1. Polycistronic
  2. Polymerase II (mRNA)
  3. Introns
54
Q

Converting the mRNA to an amino acid sequence

A

Translation

55
Q

The relationship between specific nucleotide sequence in a gene, the corresponding mRNA, and a specific amino acid

A

Genetic Code

56
Q

The sequence of 3 sequential ribonucleotides in mRNA that determine a specific amino acid

A

Codon

57
Q

Characteristics of Codons

A
  1. Genetic code word (3 base pairs long)
  2. Complimentary to DNA triplets
  3. Anticodon on tRNA is complimentary
58
Q

Characteristics of the Start Codon (2)

A
  1. Start site for translation

2. Always AUG

59
Q

The 61 codons that specify amino acids

A

Sense Codons

60
Q
  • The 3 codons used as translation termination signals

- Do not encode amino acids

A

Stop (Nonsense Codons)

61
Q

Up to 6 codons can code for a single

A

Code Redundancy

62
Q

Protist exception to the stop codon

A

They use a single stop codon and the other 2 code for amino acids

63
Q

Microbe exception to the stop codon

A

Some microbes incorporate 2 rare amino acids into polypeptides

  • Selenocysteine
  • Pyrrolysine
64
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide is directed by…

A

Sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

65
Q

The direction of synthesis of a polypeptide goes from the __ terminal to the __ terminal?

A

The N terminal to the C terminal in polypeptide

66
Q

In what organelle does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes (within the cytoplasm tho)

67
Q

A complex of mRNA with several ribosomes

A

Polyribosome

68
Q

What is the role of a tRNA?

A

To bring the correct amino acid to the correct codon (mRNA)

69
Q

Characteristic and Function of Anticodon?

A
  1. Complimentary to the codon
  2. Binds the codon
  3. Brings correct amino acid to the codon
70
Q

What end (3’ or 5’) of the tRNA binds to the amino acid?

A

3’ end

71
Q
  • This organelle is composed of protein and ribosomal RNA

- Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

72
Q

Structure of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S ribosomes = 30S and 50S subunits

73
Q

What is responsible for translation on the ribosome?

A

Translational Domain

74
Q

Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by…

A

Peptidyl Transferase of 23S rRNA in large subunit

75
Q

During peptide bond formation, the amino group of the A site reacts with the…

A

Carboxyl group of the C-terminal amino acid on the P site

76
Q

Peptide chain is transferred from the __ site to the __ site

A

P site to the A site

77
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

78
Q

-These aid in the recognition of the stop codons

A

Release Factors

79
Q

How many release factors are in Prokaryotes?

A

3

80
Q

How many release factors are in Eukaryotes?

A

1

81
Q

What is required for release factors?

A

GTP hydrolysis

Microbiology (7 decks)

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