Genetics

Question 1

DNA composition

Answer 1

Nucleotides: phosphate group+ deoxyribose sugar + organic base (adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine)

Question 1

Triplet code

Answer 1

3 base codes= 1 AA

Question 2

RNA

Answer 2

Uracil, not thymine
Ribose sugar
1 polynucleotide strand

Question 3

Semi-conservative replication?

Answer 3

DNA copy method:
DNA unzips dna helicaseで
H bonds break
Each strand=template
dna polymerase で nucleotides join together

Question 4

Mitosis は？

Answer 4

Makes 2 genetically identical copies of cells for growth & repair

Question 5

Mitosis cell cycle phases?

Answer 5

G1 - cell grows, making new proteins and organelles
S - semi-conservative replication
G2 - more organelles made and spindle forms
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis, cell splits in 2

Question 6

Interphase?

Answer 6

G1 - G2 phases

95+% of cell cycle

Question 7

mRNA

Answer 7

Carries complementary code to ribosomes

Question 8

tRNA

Answer 8

3 unpaired bases to bind with mRNA 1 side and AA binding site the other

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

Transfer code from DNA to mRNA

Question 10

Translation

Answer 10

Conversion of mRNA to AA sequence

Question 11

Allele

Answer 11

Alt gene form, always same position on chromosome (locus)

Question 12

Co-dominance

Answer 12

When 2 alleles are equally expressed

Question 13

Polygenic inheritence

Answer 13

Inherited feature i controlled by 2+ genes along different loci

Question 14

Haploid

Answer 14

Single set of chromosomes (23)

Question 15

Diploid

Answer 15

2 chromosome sets

Question 16

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 16

Chromosome pairs in cell division

Lie side by side, each gene at each locus being the same

Question 17

Genotype

Answer 17

All genes in a nuclei

Question 18

Linkage

Answer 18

2+ genes on same chromosome

Question 19

Somatic cell

Answer 19

Cells not involved in reproduction

Question 20

Autosome

Answer 20

All chromosomes save X and Y

Question 21

Meiosis prophase 1 stage

Answer 21

Early: each chrom forms 2 chromatids, 2 centrioles start forming spindle
Late: chromatids cross and exchange dna at 3 positions. Aka CHIASMA

Question 22

Metaphase 1

Answer 22

Bivalents from homologous chroms lie parallel to each other in the middle

Question 23

Anaphase 1

Answer 23

Corresponding bivalents are pulled by spindles towards poles

Question 24

Telophase 1

Answer 24

Cell constricts at equator, forming daughter cella

Question 25

Prophase 2

Answer 25

Each daughter cell divides again to form 2 more daughter cells

Question 26

Metaphase 2

Answer 26

Single bivalents of daughter cells lie across equator

Question 27

Anaphase 2

Answer 27

Spindles pull centromere apart, single chromosomes are dragged to poles

Question 28

Telophase 2

Answer 28

2 daughter cells produced for each cell from firs split= 4 cells

Question 29

Hardy-Weinberg rules

Answer 29

``` No immigration/emigration No mutations No selection True random mating All genotypes equally fertile ```

Question 30

Mendel's first law

Answer 30

Each character of diploid organism is controlled by allele pair Only one of these alleles can be represented in a gamete

Question 31

Mendel's second law

Answer 31

Either of a pair of alleles can combine with anoher pair

Question 32

Linkage

Answer 32

All genes on a chrom are linked Genes adjacent to each other tend to be inherited together When genes are on same chrom crossovers are affected

Question 33

Sex linkage

Answer 33

Homologous part = same for both sexes | Non-homologous part = X genes in the area, but no Y genes, therefore X is always expressed

Question 34

Blood

Answer 34

Co-dominance based. 2 co-dominant alleles are responsible for blood groups

Question 35

Epistasis

Answer 35

2 different gees that affect each other, e.g dominant epistasis, dominant allele inhibits another

Question 36

Chi-squared test

Answer 36

X2=sum(d2/x) d= difference between actual an expected results x= expected results

Question 37

Monohybrid inheritance punnet square ratio?

Answer 37

When 2 individuals vary in 1 characteristic F1 resembles 1 parent F2 resemble 1 parent in 3:1 ratio

Question 38

Dihybrid inheritance punnet square

Answer 38

4x4 shows F2 generation. Ratio = 9:3:3:1 for large offspring numbers

Question 40

Gametes

Answer 40

Have 23 unpaired chromosomes