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Grade 12 Bio > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

T.H. Morgan 1908

A

Concluded genes are chromosomes.

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2
Q

Frederick Griffith 1928

A

Worked with mice. Realized a transforming factor can change phenotype.

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3
Q

Avery McCarthy and Macleod 1944

A

Purified DNA and proteins separately. Infected protien in bacteria had no effect but infected DNA did. So the transforming factor is DNA

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4
Q

Who had first evidence that DNA was genetic material?

A

Avery McCarthy and Macleod

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5
Q

Hershey and chase 1952

A

Worked with bacteriophage and put S35 in protien and P32 in DNA. Confirmed DNA is genetic material

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6
Q

Chargaff 1947

A

Made rules. A=T

C=G.

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7
Q

Watson and crick 1953

A

Developed double helix model of DNA

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8
Q

Meselson and stahl 1958

A

Semi conservative replication

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9
Q

Define central dogma

A

Flow of genetic material on cell

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10
Q

Course of action of central dogma (protien synthesis order)

A

DNA replication is transcribed to RNA and translated to protien

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11
Q

Purpose of DNA replication

A

Create a second copy of genetic material to be used in mitotic cell division

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12
Q

Steps in DNA replication

A

Unwind the DNA molecule. Make new DNA strand. Rewind the DNA molecule

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13
Q

Helicase

A

Splits H bonds between bases and unwinds them

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14
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

Digests rna primers and replaces them with DNA (lagging strand)

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15
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

Creates complimentary DNA strands in 5-3 direction. Adds dNTP’s to the 3’ end

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16
Q

Ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments together

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17
Q

How is the leading strand synthesized

A

Continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction by DNA poly 3. Towards fork

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18
Q

RNA primase

A

This enzymes adds NTP’s (rna primers) to be eaten up by DNA polymerase 1.

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19
Q

Gyrase

A

Travels along DNA in front of fork relieving tension. Untangles DNA molecules before chromosomes can be replicated

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20
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

This is what the lagging strand is made of. They are fragments between 1000 and 2000 nucleotides long. Grown in 5 to 3 direction away from the fork

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21
Q

Leading strand

A

Grown continuously towards the replication fork in the 5 to 3 direction. DNA polymerase 3 is adding the dNTP’s

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22
Q

Lagging strand

A

Replicating away from the replication fork in 5 to 3 direction. Grown discontinuously

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23
Q

Purine

A

Class of bases that have a double ring structure ex guanine and and adenine

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24
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Class of base with single ring structure. Thymine and cytosine are examples

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25
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Method of separating DNA using an electric field

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26
Q

How gel electrophoresis works

A

DNA is negative so it moves towards the positive end. Smaller pieces travel faster therefore go farther

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27
Q

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

A

Used in forensics and paternity testing

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28
Q

Using gel electrophoresis in forensics

A

Must be 13 enzymes that match the suspect to convict someone. Add enzymes to DNA and cuts in the same spots so we can match it

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29
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

Method for making many copies of specific segment of DNA

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30
Q

What do you need for pcr?

A

Template strand. Taq polymerase. dNTP’s. Primer. And thermonuclear

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31
Q

What happens in pcr

A

Denature DNA at high temp then anneal to cool and hybridize primers and build the DNA

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32
Q

Taq polymerase

A

Used in pcr. It’s it found in hot springs. And can stand the high heat without firing

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33
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular section of DNA found in cytosol of bacteria. Replicates independently of chromosomal DNA

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34
Q

Vectors

A

DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell

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35
Q

Why are vectors used?

A

It is put in a cell to use it to reproduce the substance multiple times bc it can reproduce without using the chromosomal DNA

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36
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Chemical tendency of adenine to pair with thymine and cytosine to pair with guanine.

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37
Q

How many h bonds when a bonds with t

A

2

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38
Q

How many h bonds when c bonds with g?

A

3

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39
Q

Cell cenescence

A

Period in cells lifespan when it loses the ability to divide and grow. Referred to as cell aging

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40
Q

Hayflick limit

A

Total number of times a cell can divide

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41
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme that adds telomere sequences to the end of chromosomes

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42
Q

Roles of telomeres 4

A

1 help prevent chromosome ends from fusing to eachother. 2 percent DNA degradation from nucleases 3 help DNA repair and distinguishes between DNA breaks and chromosomal ends. 4 plays a role in knowing how many times a cell will divide.

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43
Q

Telomere

A

Repeated sequence of nucleotides

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44
Q

Why do we need telomeres

A

Bc DNA poly 1 can’t replace the final rna primer on the stand and this would result in lost DNA but instead it breaks off the telomeres

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45
Q

How many times can a human cell divide

A

50 before hitting hayflick limit

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46
Q

Cells containing telomerase

A

Germ cells(gametes), stem cells, white blood cells and cancer cells

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47
Q

Cancer drugs are being developed to do what?

A

Inhibit binding site of telomerase. Or causes telomeres to fall offf the DNA

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48
Q

How many times is a telomere sequence repeated

A

500-5000 times

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49
Q

What does an operon consist of?

A

Structural genes. Promoter region. Operator region and regulatory gene. Y

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50
Q

Operans job

A

Save the cell energy and materials. Permit the cell to be responsive to its environment.

51
Q

Lac operon

A

Cluster of genes that contains the DNA sequence to regulate the metabolism of lactose

52
Q

Operator

A

Region in operon that regulatory factors bind to

53
Q

Repressor protien

A

Protein that binds to operator to repress gene expression

54
Q

Inducer

A

Signal molecule that triggers the expression of an operon gene

55
Q

Corepressor

A

Signal molecule that binds to a regulatory protien to reduce the expression of an operon gene

56
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

When DNA from two or more sources is combined to create a new DNA strand

57
Q

Common uses of recombinant DNA

A

Make insulin in E. coli I

58
Q

Sugar phosphate chains in DNA are..

A

Antiparallel strands

59
Q

How are the sugars linked in DNA

A

Linked by phosphate groups attached to carbon 3 and 5 of the sugar.

60
Q

Satellite DNA

A

5-300 base pairs long. Used in DNA profiling. Unclear of another purpose. No pattern. Different in everyone.

61
Q

Spliceosome

A

Enzyme protien complex that removes introns from mRNA

62
Q

snRNP

A

Protien that binds to introns and signals them for removal

63
Q

Intron

A

Non coding sequence of DNA that is cut out using a spliceosome or else the mRNA would not make the protien correctly.

64
Q

Exon

A

Sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for part of a gene. Important part

65
Q

Poly(A) tail

A

Post transcriptional mod. Is a chain of 50-250 adenine molecules that are added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA molecule to protect it from enzymes in cytosol.

66
Q

5’ cap

A

Post transcriptional mod. Sequence of 7 G’s that is added to start of a pre-mRNA. Ribosomes recognize this and use it as a site of attachment

67
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Process that produces different mRNa’s from pre mRNA allowing more than one possible polypeptide to be made from a single gene

68
Q

Pre m RNA

A

Initial rna transcription product. Has to be modified to mRNA strand. Then the mRNA exits the nucleus where ribosomes are found.

69
Q

DNA transcribed in what direction

A

3’-5’ polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’ end of mRNA

70
Q

Antisense

A

DNA template 3’-5’ direction

71
Q

mRNA is synthesized in what direction?

A

5’-3’

72
Q

tRNA

A

Similar to DNA on antisense. No T’s. Just the base paring of it

73
Q

Sense strand

A

Complimentary to antisense has same sequence of mRNA. Goes in 5’-3’ direction. No real role

74
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Viral enzyme that uses RNA as a template strand to synthesize complimentary DNA

75
Q

Retrovirus

A

Virus that uses reverse transcriptase for replication.

76
Q

Example of retrovirus

A

HIV

77
Q

How HIV works

A

HIV attaches to cell surface. Then virus enter cell using endocytosis. The viral DNA uses the enzyme and makes a double stranded DNA. Then it intergrates itself into the host DNA. Then Normal reproduction occurs and then the HIV leaves and it occurs again in a different cell

78
Q

Transcription

A

First step in gene expression. When piece of DNA is copied into rna by rna polymerase.

79
Q

Product of transcription in eukaryotes

A

Results in pre mRNA which must be modified to protect final mRNA from degradation and to remove introns.

80
Q

Termination of transcription.

A

Nuclear proteins bind to polyuracil site and terminate transcription.

81
Q

Elongation of transcription

A

Occurs slower than prokaryotes only 5-8 pairs per sec

82
Q

Enzyme in transcription euk

A

Rna polymerase 2

83
Q

Template strand

A

DNA strand copied into mRNA molecule during gene transcription

84
Q

Promoter

A

Nucleotide sequence that lies just before a gene allows for the binding of rna polymerase

85
Q

TATA box

A

Region of promoter that allows the binding of rna polymerase

86
Q

Coding strand

A

DNA strand that isn’t being copied but contains the same sequence as the new rna molecule

87
Q

Transcription unit

A

Includes initiation wth a promoter, elongation then termination

88
Q

Termination sequence

A

Sequence of bases at end of a gene that signals the rna polymerase to stop transcribing

89
Q

Structure of atp

A

Three phosphates. Ribose. Adenine

90
Q

Enzyme that carries the correct amino acid to tRNA

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. This places the correct amino acid onto the receptor arm of tRNA with the matching anticodon.

91
Q

Role of gtp

A

In step 2. A gtp (like atp) is hydrolyzed to provide free energy for this step

92
Q

Steps in translation

A

Initiation elongation and termination

93
Q

Initiation steps

A

Small ribosomal sub unit binds to mRNA and scans until reaches start codon. Then large ribosomal sub unit binds on as well

94
Q

Elongation

A

Binds to p site. Another tRNA and amino acid binds to a site and gtp gives off free e. Then bonds to tRNA in A site and P site becomes empty. Empty p exits and then the empty tRNA realeases from ribosomes

95
Q

Termination

A

Occurs when A site arrives at stop codon.

96
Q

Role of peptide love transferase

A

Enzyme that catalyze the forming of the bond with the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site

97
Q

VNTRs

A

No coding repeating sequences of DNA that vary in length between individuals

98
Q

Use of VNTR

A

Bio research forensics. DNA testing

99
Q

LINE

A

Long interspersed nuclear elements. Repetitive DNA sequences approximately 6500 bp in length that are interspersed throughout the genome

100
Q

SINE

A

Short interspersed nuclear elements. Repetitive DNA sequences about 500 bp in length and interspersed throughout genome.

101
Q

Pseudogene

A

Sequence of DNA that is similar to an existing gene but does not code for proteins. Thought to be mutated versions of older genes

102
Q

Restriction fragment

A

Fragment produced when a DNA strand is cut by a restriction enzyme.

103
Q

Restriction enzyme

Aka restriction endonuclease

A

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific location on a base sequence. Used in DNA fingerprinting

104
Q

RFLP

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphism. When DNA sequence is cut up and th pieces are different in each person and can be used for DNA fingerprinting

105
Q

Blunt end

A

Remains after restriction enzyme cut straight across a DNA strand. Hard to reconnect

106
Q

Sticky end

A

Zigzag cut across DNA strand. Can form hydrogen bond easier and be reformed

107
Q

Restriction endonuclease exising

A

Multiple enzymes will be put in with a DNA strand and it is cut in different places depending on if the receptor for the enzyme is there. Then used for DNA fingerprinting

108
Q

RFLP

A

When DNA sequence is cut up and th pieces are different in each person and can be used for DNA fingerprinting

109
Q

Blunt end

A

Remains after restriction enzyme cut straight across a DNA strand. Hard to reconnect

110
Q

Sticky end

A

Zigzag cut across DNA strand. Can form hydrogen bond easier and be reformed

111
Q

Restriction endonuclease exising

A

Multiple enzymes will be put in with a DNA strand and it is cut in different places depending on if the receptor for the enzyme is there. Then used for DNA fingerprinting

112
Q

Induction of gene transcription

A

Activator binds to inducer and complex binds to activation sequence and activates target gene. When the inducer is removed it stops transcription

113
Q

Transcriptional regulation

A

For a gene to be transcribed it needs to be partially unwound to expose promoter. In a type of regulation the promoter is exposed when an activator binds to a sequence that is upstream the promoter and signals for a remodelling.

114
Q

Repression of gene transcription

A

A DNA binding repressor blocks the attachment of rna poly to promoter thus preventing transcription. Will also bind to mRNA and prevent translation to protien.

115
Q

Point mutation

A

Change within a single nucleotide

116
Q

Substitution

A

Sub of one base pair for another

117
Q

Insertion

A

Addition of base pair (ss) or a large coding region (ls)

118
Q

Deletion

A

Removal of base pair or large coding region

119
Q

Inversion

A

2 adjacent base pairs trading places or reversal of a whole sequence

120
Q

Missense

A

Mutation that changes a single amino acid in the coding region. Can be negative positive or have no effect

121
Q

Nonsense

A

Mutation that results in pre mature stop codon

122
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation that doesn’t alter the resulting sequence of amino acids

123
Q

Frameshift

A

Shift in reading frame resulting in multiple missense or nonsense effects

124
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of entire genes or sequences of DNA from one chromosome to another

Grade 12 Bio (3 decks)

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