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Grade 12 Bio > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region of brain that releases hormones to control pituitary gland which controls other endocrine glands

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2
Q

Neurohormone

A

Hormone made by neutrons such as in hypothalamus that control production of other hormones in the pituitary

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3
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Two loved gland in cranial cavity that makes hormones that control other endocrine glands

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4
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland in throats that is regulated by the hypothalamus pituitary system

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5
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone secreted by parathyroid that controls levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood

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6
Q

Pineal gland

A

Endocrine gland located in brain of vertebrates that secretes hormone melatonin to regulate biological rhythms

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7
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

Endocrine cell clusters inside pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

Synthetic hormone

A

Hormone made by humans that acts as a natural hormone

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9
Q

Gonads

A

Glands responsible for production of sex hormones as well as egg and sperm cells. Called testes and ovaries

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10
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of eggs or ova from oocytes in ovaries by two meuotic divisions

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11
Q

Gonadtropin releasing hormone GnRH

A

Hormone released by hypothalamus that controls release of LH and FSH from anterior patuitary which controls synthesis and release of male and female sex hormones

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12
Q

Menopause

A

End of females reproductive capability when menstruation ceases and female hormone level drops

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13
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Monthly cycle of events in sexually mature female that prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production and development of sperm cells in the testes

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15
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Process of actively regulation the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells

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16
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure that results from a difference in solute concentration between two sides of a selectively permeable membrane

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17
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

Property of the solution that has the lower water concentration

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18
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

Property of solution was on one side that has the higher water concentration

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19
Q

What way does water move over a membrane

A

Goes to hyperosmotic side

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20
Q

Estivation

A

State of tupor that enables an animal to survive the summer by reducing demand for energy

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21
Q

Malphigian tube

A

Main organ of excretion in insects which is used to carry waste to the intestines

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22
Q

Nephron

A

Tiny functional unit of kidney that filters waste from blood

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23
Q

Protein hormone

A

Hormone made of chains of amino acids that are water soluble usually acts on a cell receptor

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24
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Hormone made of cholesterol that isn’t water soluble. Usually goes thru cell membrane and acts on receptor inside

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25
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone made by alpha beta cells in pancreas that increases blood glucose level by promoting breakdown of glycogen in liver

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26
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Regulation of internal temp by negative feedback mechanism

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27
Q

Homeotherm

A

Animal that maintains stable body temp regardless of external temp

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28
Q

Poikilotherm

A

Animal whose body temp varies and matches temp of external temp

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29
Q

Endotherm

A

Animal that maintains body temp by internal mechanisms

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30
Q

Ecotherm

A

Animal that maintains its body temp by absorbing thermal energy from the environment

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31
Q

Thermal acclimazation

A

Process by which an animal gradually adjusts to temp change in the environment

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32
Q

Torpor

A

Short term state of reduced metabolism and body temp that reduces the E demand for an animal in the night or day

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33
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid that surrounds body cells

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34
Q

Negative Feedback

A

process where a mechanism is activated to maintain equilibrium, so if too much of something is being made it will go back and tell it to slow down production, to maintain equilibrium

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35
Q

Negative Feedback Example

A

Regulating blood sugar. So as glucose levels rise insulin is produced then as glucose levels decrease less glucose is made.

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36
Q

Negative feedback temperature example

A

high body temp. Hypothalmus turns on cooling system, blood vessels dilate and heat is lost through skin. Temperature lowers and hypothalmus turns off cooling system.

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37
Q

excititary drugs

A

coke, amphetamines, nicotine

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38
Q

inhibitory drugs

A

benzos, alcohol, marijuana

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39
Q

Parts of Forebrain

A

olfactory, cerebrum, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalmus

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40
Q

Midbrain section and role

A

4 spheres of grey matter, and is the relay centre for eye and ear reflexes.

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41
Q

Olfactory Lobe

A

Recieve smell info

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42
Q

Cerebrum description

A

most developed and largest regions of the brain. Stores sensory info and initiates voluntary motor activities

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43
Q

Parts of cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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44
Q

Frontal lobe

A

in cerebrum. linked to intellectual areas and personality. Primary motor cortex

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45
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

sensory areas of touch and temp. emotions. speech. in cerebrum

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46
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

vision and hearing memory. cerebrum

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47
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision cerebrum

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48
Q

corpus callosum

A

in forebrain. nerve tract that joins two cerebral hemispheres

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49
Q

thalamus

A

coordinates and interprets sensory info and directs it into cerebrum

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50
Q

sensory pathway

A

spinal nerves-nerve tract in spinal cord-relay nerves i thalmus-cerebrum

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51
Q

hypothalmus

A

coordniation centre for autonomic nervous system. involved in hormone production.

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52
Q

Parts of hindbrain

A

cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

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53
Q

cerebellum

A

gets input from all sensory areas and controls all motor control.

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54
Q

Pons

A

sends nerve messages between cerebellum and medulla

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55
Q

medulla oblongota

A

involuntary muscle action and coordinates ANS. nerve tracts from higher brain and spinal cord run thru medulla

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56
Q

Parts of outer layer of the eye

A

Sclera and Cornea

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57
Q

Sclera

A

Clear, front protective layer of the eye that helps maintain the shape.

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58
Q

Cornea

A

helps bend light towards the pupil. is the transparent part of sclera

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59
Q

Aqueous humour

A

transparent fluid that helps protect lens of eye, supply cornea with nutrients, refract light

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60
Q

Choroid

A

middle layer of eye. Contains blood vessels to protect against reflection

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61
Q

Iris

A

Diaphragm controlling pupil size

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62
Q

Vitreous Humour

A

Contains shape of eyeball. allows light transmission to retina

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63
Q

Lens

A

Focuses image on retina. located behind iris

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64
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in iris that lets light into eyes

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65
Q

Retina and its layers

A

Innermost tissue at back of eyes. Layers are Light sensitive, bipolar and cells from optic nerve

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66
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors operate in dim light to detect light in black and white

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67
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptors work in bright light to detect colours

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68
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

centre of retina. Contains cones condensed together. Rods surround fovea

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69
Q

Blind Spot

A

results from absence of rods and cones where optic nerve meets retina

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70
Q

Bloid Brain Barrier BBB

A

Tight control over what gets into the brain. very good protection against bacteria, so is hard for drugs that are targeting the brain to get through this sometimes

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71
Q

Dopamine

A

Feel good drug. Increased by various addictive drugs and increased by natural endorphin’s

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72
Q

Menses

A

Day 1-5 in menstrual cycle. When bleeding occurs

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73
Q

Follicular stage

A

day 5-14 in menstrual cycle. Light build up of uterine lining When follicle is developing. Egg bursts on day 14

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74
Q

Luteal phase

A

Day 15-28 in menstrual cycle. When the uterine lining builds up the most.

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75
Q

Two cycles within the menstrual cycle

A

ovarian cycle where egg development leading to ovulation. And uterine cycle which is the build up of the lining of the uterus.

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76
Q

Pinna

A

External ear flap. Selective funnel to collect sounds. Funnels sounds at 3 kHz

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77
Q

Auditory canal

A

Carries sound to ear drum. Makes ear wax

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78
Q

Middle ear

A

Extends from tympanic membrane to oval and round windows. It amplifies and carries sound to oval window

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79
Q

3 ossicles

A

Malleus incus and stapes

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80
Q

Amplification

A

Oval window smaller then tympanic membrane and bones act as a series of levers that transform low force waves into high force waves

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81
Q

Vestibules

A

Two small sacs that establish head position via static equilibrium

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82
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Arranged at 3 different angles. Movement of fluid in canals identified body movement and maintains balance

83
Q

Cochlea

A

Inner canal has specialized hair cells. Depolarization of cells initiate nerve impulses that travel to temporal lobe and allow hearing

84
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell capable of conducting nerve impulses and sending messages

85
Q

Neural signalling

A

Reception transmission and integration of nerve impulses by neurons and the response to these impulses

86
Q

Motor neuron

A

Neuron that carries impulses from cns to skeletal muscle. Aka motor neuron

87
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Neuron that carries impulses from sensory receptors to cns

88
Q

Interneuron

A

Local circuit neuron of cns that relays impulses between sensory and motor neurons

89
Q

Dendrite

A

Protection of cytosol that carries signals toward nerve cell body.

90
Q

Axon

A

Extension of cytosol that carries nerve signals away from the nerve cell body

91
Q

Sensor

A

Elements of feedback system that detects changes in the environment

92
Q

Integrator

A

Element of feedback system that compares existing conditions with ideal ones

93
Q

Set point

A

Optimal variable for given variable of a system

94
Q

Effector

A

Element of feedback system that acts to return the system to the optimal state

95
Q

Positive feedback

A

Response of a system that acts to increase effect of any changes made to the system

96
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

97
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Circulating fluid that surrounds the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. Provides neural connection to the endocrine system

98
Q

Grey matter

A

Tissue of the brain and spinal cord where the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons are located

99
Q

White matter

A

Tissue of the brain and spinal cord composed primarily of axons of neurons. It surround grey matter in spinal cord

100
Q

Homeostasis

A

Physiological state of body where internal physical and chemical conditions are kept wishing a range that is suitable for life. Things that are regulated are temp pH, blood glucose and water and dilute balance

101
Q

Body systems involved in homeostasis

A

Nervous. Endocrine. Muscular. Integumentary. Excretory. Reproductive.

102
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Lack of insulin. So excess sugar in tubule. Large urine volumes. Treat with insulin injections

103
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Destruction of neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus or in nerve tract. Lack of ADH. Increased urine output. Treat with ADH shots

104
Q

Bright’s disease

A

Bacterial toxins destroy vessels in glomerulous. Inflamed nephrons. Proteins in bow and capsule. Increased urination. Treat with antibiotics

105
Q

Kidney stones

A

Mineral diluted from blood lodge in ureter and urethra. Painful and hurts soft tissue High energy shock waves treat it

106
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Catheter introduces dialysis fluid into abdominal cavity and drained every 6 hours.

107
Q

Role of ADH

A

Cause membrane of collecting tubules to be more permeable to water to be reabsorbed so less urine is excreted.

108
Q

Course of action of ADH

A

Signal sent to posterior pituitary. ADH released. Kidney tubules absorb more water. Osmotic pressure decreases and cells are hydrated. Nerve message sent to posterior pituitary and no more ADH released

109
Q

Role of Aldosterone

A

Increased salt reabsorption in distal tubules and collecting ducts so increased water reabsorption

110
Q

Action of aldosterone

A

Made in adrenal cortex. Targets kidney tubules. Control salt water balance by increasing Na+ reabsorption

111
Q

ADH produced and stored

A

Made in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary

112
Q

Diuretics

A

Ex. Alcohol green tea. Decreases the release of ADH and therefore the tube is less permeable. So less water reabsorbed so lots of pee

113
Q

Action of juxtaglomerular apparatus in regulating BP

A

Detects low BP. Renin released to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin. Vasoconstriction to increase BP. Aldosterone increased for higher Na+ reabsorption. Helps maintain BP during stress

114
Q

Fresh water fish

A

Actively transport water and salt back into body by kidney and gills. Highly diluted urine is excreted to get rid of excess water

115
Q

Marine fish

A

Lose water through gills and salt is actively excreted. Small quantities of urine excreted.

116
Q

Amphibian

A

Lose water by osmosis. Water reabsorbed by kidney to be stored for a reserve

117
Q

Reptile

A

Converts nitrogenous waste to insoluble Uric acid which is excreted with little water loss

118
Q

Bird

A

Concerts ammonia to insoluble uric acid which needs little water to be excreted so water can be excreted then absorbed. by kidneys

119
Q

GnRH role in spermatogenesis

A

Secreted by hypothalamus ever two hours to stimulate pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

120
Q

FSH role in spermatogenesis

A

Initiates sperm production at puberty maintains sperm production and growth of servility cell to nourish sperm.

121
Q

What inhibits FSH production

A

Fertility cell secretions

122
Q

LH role in spermatogenesis

A

Stimulates testosterone To be produced. Controls growth and function of male reproductive structure. Secretes sex hormones

123
Q

What triggers ovulation

A

Rising LH decreasing FSH resulting from an increase in estrogen

124
Q

Corpus cavernosum

A

Two masses of sponge like tissue made of smooth muscle and blood vessels. Extend to almost head of penis. Fills with blood during erection. Is 90% of blood

125
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

Tissue that surrounds urethra and prevents it from being compressed. Without this the penis would pinch and nothing could get out

126
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produced prostate fluid that protects sperm

127
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Fluid that gives energy to sperm to swim

128
Q

Cowper’s glands

A

Make lubricating fluid and secretes it into urethra

129
Q

Functions of testosterone

A

Maintains sex drive. Triggers and regulates secondary sexual characteristics. Initiates pre natal development of geneticists

130
Q

Ovaries

A

Secrete estrogen and progesterone make ova

131
Q

Oviducts

A

Transport ova to uterus

132
Q

Uterus

A

Lining thickens in prep for baby

133
Q

Cervix

A

Junction of uterus and vagina. Stretching occurs during menstruation and child birth

134
Q

Vagina

A

Functions in childbirth and intercourse

135
Q

Role of kidney in maintaining homeostasis

A

Decides how much water is kept in the body and how much is released as urine based on the other hormones being secreted. All blood in the body has to flow through here

136
Q

Adrenaline

A

Fight or flight neurotransmitter. Leads to increased heart rate so you are physically more aware and your senses are heightened.

137
Q

GABA

A

Calming neurotransmitter. High levels improve function but low levels increase anxiety

138
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Transmit signal to skeletal muscle

139
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of ANS. fight or flight response preparing the body for stress

140
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of ANS. restored body to normal relaxed state

141
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Affects flight or fight. And affects concentration

142
Q

Dopamine

A

Feel good drug neuroreceptor. Affects mood and sleep

143
Q

Serotonin

A

Widespread in brain. Affects sleep mood attention and learning. Inhibitory

144
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitter that works within the brain and is released during pleasuresable activities. Helps reduce feeling of pain during exercise block signal in the brain stem

145
Q

Enkephalins

A

Peptides related to endorphins that have a similar effect block signal in spinal cord

146
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Reduced amounts of acetylcholine in hippocampus due to the degeneration of neurons. The memory loss occurs because acetylcholine is related to memory and learning.

147
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

The ganglia in the brain that makes dopamine dies off. And this causes not enough dopamine to be made which causes the shaking due to not enough dopamine there to send the message

148
Q

Role of nervous system on homeostatic system

A

Received sensory data from environment which informs the body of external conditions and transmits signals throughout the body

149
Q

Role of endocrine system on regulating nervous system

A

System of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones are responsible for a number of things

150
Q

Steps in formation of urine 10

A

Blood goes thru bowmans capsule. Only filtrate gets thru. No blood cells or proteins. Proximal tubules reabsorbs glucose and amino acids and k+. Active transport of Na+ out. Water reabsorbed at bottom of loop of Henle so more concentrated solution at bottom. Hormones decide how much water needs to eat reabsorbed. More sodium enters collecting tube and then urines excreted

151
Q

Filtration

A

Blood cells platelets and plasma proteins are too big to go thru bowmans capsule so are filtered out. Water ions glucose and nitrogenous waste are small enough to fit thru so aren’t filtered out

152
Q

Reabsorption

A

Active transports back into the interstitial fluid are glucose amino acid and other useful minerals. These are reabsorbed because it’s more efficient for the body to reuse them

153
Q

Secretion

A

Different amounts of H+ and K+ are secreted into filtrate to balance acidity and to be excreted by urine

154
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Small branches that take blood away from glomerulus

155
Q

Peritubular capiliaries

A

Blood vessels that surround the nephron

156
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Section of nephron joining bowmans capsule to loop of Henle

157
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Carries filtrate from proximal to distal tubule

158
Q

Distal tubule

A

Conducts urine from loop of Henle to collecting duct

159
Q

Collecting duct

A

Tube that carries urine from nephron to pelvis of kidney

160
Q

Afterward arteriole

A

Supplies blood to nephron in kidneys

161
Q

Distal convulated tubule

A

Duct to nephron that connects loop of henle to ducts that lead to renal pelvis

162
Q

Proximal covulated tubule

A

Reabsorbs ions water nutrients and adjusts pH

163
Q

Tubule and ADH

A

ADH makes it more permeable so more water can be reabsorbed. Maintains blood ph and electrolytes

164
Q

Free non encapsulated efferent endings

A

Most common. In muscle and connective tissue

165
Q

Krause corpuscles

A

Encapsulated ending. Simplest ends in oval bulb. Lips tongue

166
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A

Detect complex tactile stimuli finger tip palm encapsulated

167
Q

Pacinion corpuscle

A

Encapsulated. Detect deep heavy pressure

168
Q

Muscle spindles.

A

Encapsulated. Regulate reflex action and muscle tone

169
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membrane that surrounds brain and spinal cord

170
Q

Layers of meninges

A

DAP
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia mater

171
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Circulated between inner and middle meninges. Shock absorber

172
Q

TSH

A

Made in AP. targets thyroid. Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and growth of thyroid gland

173
Q

ACTH

A

Made in AP targets adrenal cortex. Stimulates secretion of glucacarotoids by adrenal cortex.

174
Q

GM somatropin

A

Bone soft tissue. Made in AP. stimulates growth of bones

175
Q

FSH female

A

Made in ap. stimulates egg growth. Targets ovaries

176
Q

LH in females

A

Targets ovaries. Made in AP. regulates ovulation

177
Q

Prolactin.

A

Made in ap. targets mammary glands. Stimulates breast and milk production

178
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stored in PP. targets uterus and mammary glands. Promotes uterus contraction. Stimulates milk release

179
Q

ADH

A

Stored in PP. increase water reabsorption

180
Q

Thyroxin

A

Stored in th. targets most cells and increases metabolic rate.

181
Q

Calcitonin

A

Made in th. targets bones. Decrease calcium concentration in blood b

182
Q

Insulin

A

Targets blood sugar. When increased blood sugar the insulin production is increased

183
Q

Glucagon

A

Targets blood sugar. When low blood sugar glucagon production increases

184
Q

Aldosterone

A

In AD. Targets kidney tubules increases sodium reabsorption.

185
Q

Cortisol

A

Made in AC. Targets most body cells. Increased blood glucose by promoting breakdown of protein and fat

186
Q

Epinephrin. Adrenalin

A

Made in AD. Targets receptor sites throughout body. Contributes to body’s response to stress

187
Q

Inhibin

A

Made in testes. Inhibits secretion of FSH

188
Q

Testosterone

A

Made in testes. Stimulates secondary sex characteristics

189
Q

Estrogen

A

Induces growth of uterus and onset of menstrual cycle

190
Q

Progesterone

A

Promotes development of endometrium

191
Q

Retina to brain pathway

A

Rods/cones - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - thalamus - primary visual cortex - visual association cortex

192
Q

Division of nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

193
Q

Divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

194
Q

Divisions of central neurons

A

Brain and spinal cord

195
Q

Somatic nerves

A

Are voluntary. Sensory nerves and motor nerves

196
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary. Parasympathetic and sympathetic

197
Q

Anabolic steroid

A

Stanozolol it increases muscle strength and mass. Decreases growth. Causes kidney problems. Hair loss

198
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Growth hormone. Decrease fat and increase muscle. Causes diabetes bone abnormalities increases blood pressure

199
Q

Masking agents

A

Probenecid. Stops excretion of steroids for a few hours. Causes headaches and swelling nausea

200
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Mimic muscle building characteristics of testosterone

201
Q

Acrosomal reactions

A

Contents of acrosome are released by separation of acrosomal cap from sperm. Proteases from acrosome digest route for spent through zona pellucida. Allows the sperm to reach the plasma membrane of egg

202
Q

Cortical reactions

A

Small vesicles called cortical granules move to plasma membrane of egg and fuse it with releasing there contents by exocytosis. Enzymes cause cross linking of glycoproteins in the zona pellucida making it hard and prevents entry of any more sperm

203
Q

Pathway of reflex arc

A

Stimulus causes action potential in sensory receptor. Message travels along sensory dendrite. Message travels along sensory axon. Message reaches interneuron dendrite. Message splits one to brain and one to motor neuron dendrite. Message travels along motor neuron axon. Message causes muscles to contract

Grade 12 Bio (3 decks)

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