Genetics and Variation

Question 1

What are the four stages of cell eukaryotic cell division?

Answer 1

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 2

What is chromatin

Answer 2

The unravelled form of chromosomes

Question 3

What is a chromosome?

Answer 3

A long DNA molecule associated with another protein (usually a histone protein)

Question 4

How many centromeres in one chromosome?

Answer 4

1

Question 5

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

Answer 5

Unidentical chromosomes with DNA that codes for the same features in the same place.

Question 6

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle (not PMAT) and what do they stand for?

Answer 6

G1,growth phase 1
S, synthesis phase
G2, growth phase
M, mitosis

Question 7

What happens in the four stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M)

Answer 7

G1- cell grows, normal processes occur
S- chromatids replicate
G2- cells build up ATP, DNA is screened
M- PMAT

Question 8

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

Answer 8

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 9

What happens in Prophase? (4)

Answer 9

1- chromosomes condense
2- centromeres move to poles
3- spindle fibres form
4- nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 10

What happens in Metaphase? (3)

Answer 10

1- centrosomes arrive at opposite poles
2-chromosomes line up at equator
3- spindle fibres attach to centromeres

Question 11

What happens in Anaphase? (2)

Answer 11

1- sister chromatids separate at centromere
2- spindle pulls chromatids to opposite ends of cell

Question 12

What happens in Telophase?(3)

Answer 12

1- chromosomes decondense back into chromatin
2- nuclear envelope & nucleolus reform
3- spindle breaks down

Question 13

What happens after Mitosis? (Name and what actually happens)

Answer 13

Cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides

Question 14

What controls cell division?

Answer 14

Proteins called cyclins

Question 15

What controls cell division?

Answer 15

Proteins called cyclins

Question 16

What type of tumour does not lead to cancer?

Answer 16

Benign tumours

Question 17

How do malignant tumours spread?

Answer 17

Through blood or lymph vessels

Question 18

What is the process of a tumours spreading called, and what type of tumour is formed?

Answer 18

Metastasis forms a metastatic tumour

Question 19

What three ways can tumours cause damage?

Answer 19

Pinch blood vessels
Outcompete organs for nutrients
Damage organs

Question 20

How do prokaryotes divide (name)

Answer 20

Binary fission

Question 21

What is the process of binary fission?

Answer 21

DNA replicates
Plasmids replicate ( more than once)
Cytoplasm divides

Question 22

How does viral replication work?
(4)

Answer 22

Attachment proteins attach to host cell surface markers
Virus injects nucleus acid into host cell
The host cells ribosomes produce new viral particles
Virus is released through budding or bursting

Question 23

How do viruses cause damage?

Answer 23

Reduce/ inhibit normal cell function

Question 24

What two enzymes do viruses contain and what do the enzymes do?

Answer 24

Reverse transcriptase converts RNA into DNA to be inserted into genome

Integrate inserts viral DNA into host cells genome

Question 25

What are the two ways of release in viral replication and what occurs in each

Answer 25

In budding the virus leaves through membrane and becomes enveloped (takes the membrane with it) In bursting the cell bursts and all cells leave at once producing an unenvoloped virus

Question 26

What molecule maintains fluidity in the plasma membrane

Answer 26

Cholesterol

Question 27

What are intrinsic proteins

Answer 27

Proteins that span the entire width of the plasma membrane

Question 28

What can independently diffuse across the plasma membrane

Answer 28

Small, non polar molecules

Question 29

What type of diffusion do channel proteins help with

Answer 29

Facilitated diffusion

Question 30

What two types of proteins are used for facilitated diffusion? And which one uses ATP?

Answer 30

Channel proteins & carrier proteins Carrier proteins require ATP

Question 31

What is the water potential of pure water?

Answer 31

O

Question 32

What is the definition for osmosis?

Answer 32

The net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of low to high solute concentration

Question 33

What are the channel proteins for water called?

Answer 33

Aquaporins

Question 34

What is the equation for water potential

Answer 34

Water potential= solute potential - pressure potential

Question 35

What is a hypertonic solution

Answer 35

Greater water potential than inside the cell

Question 36

What type of solution has the same water potential outside the cell as inside of the cell

Answer 36

Isotonic solution

Question 37

Hypertonic solution definition

Answer 37

Lower water potential outside of cell than inside of the cell

Question 38

What is the definition of active transport

Answer 38

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a LOWER CONCENTRATION TO A HIGHER CONTRACTION using energy from ATP

Question 39

What is the definition for Co-Transport and does it use ATP?

Answer 39

When the transport of one substance is coupled by the transport of another substance. It does not require ATP

Question 40

What is the example of co-transport?

Answer 40

The co-transport of glucose with the facilitated diffusion of sodium ions

Question 41

What is the prices for the movement of glucose from the small intestine to the blood through epithelial cells

Answer 41

1- glucose and sodium ions travel into cell through carrier proteins 2- carrier protein moves sodium ions into blood by active transport 3- glucose diffuses into the blood through channel protein