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Genetics > Genetics Intro--8/25 > Flashcards

Genetics Intro--8/25 Flashcards

0
Q

DNA contains the ________; RNA contains ______

A

2’- Deoxyribose x=H; ribose x=OH

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1
Q

_________ are the monomeric units of nucleic acid DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides: nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate

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2
Q

RNA and DNA contain the purine bases ______ & _____

A

Adenine (A) and guanine (G)

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3
Q

DNA contains the pyrimidine bases ______ and ______ whereas RNA contains ______ and _____

A

DNA- cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

RNA- cytosine (C) and uracil (U) –>

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4
Q

DNA and RNA are linear sequences of nucleotides linked by _______ between the…

A

Phosphodiester bonds= between 3’ sugar of one nucleotide and 5’ sugar of next nucleotide

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5
Q

DNA is double stranded: one strand runs _______ whereas the other is antiparallel and runs _____

A

5’ to 3’ direction and 3’ to 5’

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6
Q

The two strands of DNA wrap about each other to form a _____ and are held together by ________ between bases in each strand

A

double helix; hydrogen bonding

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7
Q

Adenine H-bonds to _______

Cytosine H- bonds to _______

A

A-Thymine

C-Guanine

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8
Q

Transcription of a gene generates a _____

A

single stranded RNA

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9
Q

Three major types of RNA are:

A

1) messenger RNA - mRNA
2) ribosomal RNA - rRNA
3) transfer RNA- tRNA
plus various other non-coding RNAs

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10
Q

________is modified at both 5’ and 3’ ends. In between it contains a coding region for the synthesis of a protein

A

Eukaryotic mRNA

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11
Q

Codons within a coding region…..

Each Codon is….

A

…dictate the sequence of amino acids in a protein

…three nucleotides long

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12
Q

_________ and _______ are required for protein synthesis

A

rRNA and tRNA

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13
Q

rRNA is complexed with proteins to form ribonucleoprotein particles called _______, which bind ______ and ______ during translation.

A

Ribosomes; mRNA and tRNA

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14
Q

The tRNA contains an _____ that binds to a complementary codon on mRNA, ensuring insertion of the correct amino acid into the protein being synthesized

A

Anticodon

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15
Q

…of DNA is important for containing the DNA in the cell and regulation of gene expression–especially in eukaryotes

A

Packaging/condensing of DNA

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16
Q

DNA combines with proteins called ______ to form nucleosomes that are further condensed into wound ______

A

histones; chromatin

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17
Q

Where is the DNA in a prokaryote?

A

cytoplasm of cell

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18
Q

99% of all DNA is found in the _____ of a cell.

A

Nucleus, separated from rest of cell by nuclear envelope

  • small amount of DNA (0.1%) found in mitochondria
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19
Q

Nucleotides are composed of a _____, a ______, and a _______

A

Base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil), Sugar, and a phosphate

***MONOMERIC units of Nucleic Acid

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20
Q

Nucleosides lack _____

A

phosphates

-Think about ATP (Adenine TRIphosphate…)

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21
Q

DNA chains consist of _____ and _____ sugars linked by a ______ created by a _______bond

A

bases; deoxyribose sugars (x=H); phosphate backbone; phosphodiester bond

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22
Q

The creation of a phosphodiester bond produces ______ that…..

A

Pyrophosphate ( PPi delta G= -30 KJ) –> provides energy for reaction (favorable reaction with the release of energy)

  • *catalyzed by DNA polymerase
  • **DNA extends only in the 5’ to 3’ direction
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23
Q 
Adenine-Thymine = \_\_\_\_ H-Bonds
Guanine-Cytosine= \_\_\_\_\_ H-Bonds
A

A-T=2

G-C=3

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24
Q

Stacking between bases –>

A

Major and Minor Grooves

Major Groove allows for proteins to interact with DNA

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25
Q

In each base pair a purine (_____, _____) on one strand forms hydrogen bonds with a pyrimidine ( _____, _____) on the other strand.

A

Purine–> adenine, guanine

Pyrimidine—> thymine, cytosine

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26
Q

Two strands of DNA are _______

A

Complementary

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27
Q

The double Helix of DNA confers……

A

extra strength

28
Q

The phosphate backbone lies on the ______ of the helix and contains a ______ charged oxygen giving the helix an overall _______ charge that aids in …..

A

outside; negatively; negative; aids in the binding of proteins and molecules

**charges affect how compact/loose DNA is

29
Q

Complementary Strands. Explain.

A

One strand: 5’ carbon lies above 3’ carbon –> 5’ to 3’ direction
Complementary strand: opposite –> 3’ to 5’ direction

Therefore: two strands are antiparallel

30
Q

Take a break and go watch the videos on the slides. JUST DO IT.

A

You better have done it.

31
Q

DNA has ____ types of conformations: ____, _____, and _____

A

3 Types: B-DNA, A- DNA, Z-DNA

32
Q

B-DNA is a ______-handed helix. It is the MOST COMMON type and the presumed if not specified.

A

Right Handed

33
Q

A-DNA is a ____-handed helix and is found in _______ (Transcription). It is more compact than B-DNA

A

Right-Handed; DNA-RNA hybids

34
Q

Z-DNA is a ____-handed helix and is formed _______

Ex. during….

A

left-handed; transiently (momentarily, briefly)

….transcription

35
Q

A _____ is all of an organism’s DNA (nuclear and mitochondrial)

A

genome

36
Q

The nuclear genome of a human haploid cell (sperm or egg) contains ____ chromosomes….and a haploid sperm/egg combine to form a ________

A

23 chromosomes…one of each; diploid zygote

**BOM chicka WA WA

37
Q

All mitotic progeny of a diploid zygote have a homologous pair of _________ and one pair of ______ for a total of ______Chromosomes in a single diploid cell

A

22 autosomes; sex chromosomes; 46 chromosomes

38
Q

Chromosomes can be distinguished by their ______, ______, and _______ (which is what?)

A

size; staining pattern; FISH color (fluorescents that color chromosomes)

39
Q

_______ are fundamental units of heredity and are arranged linearly along a chromosome

A

GENES–> contains DNA sequence encoding structural components,regulatory elements…

40
Q

Each DNA molecule that forms a linear chromosome must contain a ______, two _______ and a ________

A

centromere, two telomeres, and a replication of origin (Eukaryotes/linear DNA multiple origins???)

41
Q

a genetic LOCUS refers to the …..

A

specific location on a chromosome

42
Q

Each gene in a diploid cell has a corresponding alternate version of the gene on its _________; these alternate gene versions are called ________, thus there are 2 _____ for each gene (one paternal, one maternal)

A

homologous chromosome, allele, alleles

43
Q

Heterozygous–>

Homozygous–>

A

Hetero–> alleles function differenty Aa

Homo–> alleles function same AA or aa

44
Q

Complexity of genome corresponds to ….

A

total genome size—human genome significantly larger than other genomes

***complexity–> how we utilize those genes (mice vs. human)

45
Q

Exons–>

A

codes for a portion of a protein

46
Q

Introns–>

A

Non-coding, spliced out

47
Q

Eukaryote Packaging: DNA binds to ______ that contain large amounts of ____and ____because they are _____charged. This complex is called ______

A

HIstones; arginine & Lysine–> positive charge to bind to negative DNA backbone; histone-DNA complex=Chromatin

*essential for transcription

48
Q

_____are the basic unit of Chromatin (beads on string)

A

Nucleosome

49
Q

Strings of nucleosomes wind into helical, tubular coils called ______

A

solenoids

50
Q

Each of the core of histones has a long N-terminal amino acid ____ which….

A

Tails-> perform critical functions in regulating chromatin structure

*****subject to covalent modifications

51
Q

Tails are modified by _____of lysines, ______ of lysines, and _____ of serines.

A

acetylation and methylation of lysine, phosphorylation of serines

52
Q

Acetyl groups are added to the histone tails by ______and are taken off by ______

A

ON–>acetyltransferases (HATS
OFF–> de-acetyltransferases (HDACs)

  • targeted by drugs (especially cancer)
  • **HDAC upregulated in cancer–>silence of p53 tumor suppressor gene
  • *****Therefore HDAC inhibitors are anticancer drugs
53
Q

Histone acetylation plays a crucial role in…..

A

destabilizing chromatin because acetyl group removes overall + charge from lysine making it more difficult to neutralize negative charge of DNA

**acetylated histones don’t pack well

***Acetyl groups change gene expression

54
Q

Euchromatin:
Heterochromatin:

A

E–> loose chromatin ready for transcription/replication

H–> most highly condensed, closed to processes

55
Q

acetylation of tail histones associated with –>

deacetylation associated with –>

A

Acetylation–> euchromatin

Deacetylation–> heterochromatin

56
Q

Genes can be silenced by …. not just by mutation

A

chromatin condensation so that genes can’t be expressed

57
Q

Uracil and thymine differ only by a ______ in thymine

A

methyl group

58
Q

RNA chains are typically _____ stranded but they can form..

A

single stranded; secondary and tertiary structures due to base pair with self—>tRNA

59
Q

mRNA contains a _____ sequence that is converted into the ______ of a polypeptide chain by the process of Translation

A

nucleotide sequence; amino acid sequence

60
Q

Processing mRNA involves…

A

1) adding 5’ guanosine cap
2) …protein coding sequence…
3) poly-A tail
4) splicing out non-coding sequences (introns)

***post processing–> transfer to cytoplasm for translation

61
Q

Ribosomes contain _____ and are complexes on which ….

A

rRNA; protein synthesis occurs

62
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes have 3 types of rRNA:

A

5S, 23S, and 16S

63
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes have 4 types of rRNA:

A

5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S

64
Q

tRNA molecules carry amino acids to ribosomes and ensure….

A

that they are incorporated into correct position in polypeptide chain

65
Q

There is one tRNA for each _______

A

amino acid –>20

66
Q

Oligonucleotides serves as…

A

primer for DNA rep

67
Q

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are involved in _____

A

splicing

68
Q

microRNAs (miRNA) are ____ RNA with key functions in development, cell differentiation, regulation, and cells cycle/apoptosis

A

non-coding

Genetics (6 decks)

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