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Genetics > Genetics Intro--8/25 > Flashcards

Genetics Intro--8/25 Flashcards

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0
Q

DNA contains the ________; RNA contains ______

A

2’- Deoxyribose x=H; ribose x=OH

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1
Q

_________ are the monomeric units of nucleic acid DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides: nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate

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2
Q

RNA and DNA contain the purine bases ______ & _____

A

Adenine (A) and guanine (G)

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3
Q

DNA contains the pyrimidine bases ______ and ______ whereas RNA contains ______ and _____

A

DNA- cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

RNA- cytosine (C) and uracil (U) –>

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4
Q

DNA and RNA are linear sequences of nucleotides linked by _______ between the…

A

Phosphodiester bonds= between 3’ sugar of one nucleotide and 5’ sugar of next nucleotide

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5
Q

DNA is double stranded: one strand runs _______ whereas the other is antiparallel and runs _____

A

5’ to 3’ direction and 3’ to 5’

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6
Q

The two strands of DNA wrap about each other to form a _____ and are held together by ________ between bases in each strand

A

double helix; hydrogen bonding

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7
Q

Adenine H-bonds to _______

Cytosine H- bonds to _______

A

A-Thymine

C-Guanine

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8
Q

Transcription of a gene generates a _____

A

single stranded RNA

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9
Q

Three major types of RNA are:

A

1) messenger RNA - mRNA
2) ribosomal RNA - rRNA
3) transfer RNA- tRNA
plus various other non-coding RNAs

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10
Q

________is modified at both 5’ and 3’ ends. In between it contains a coding region for the synthesis of a protein

A

Eukaryotic mRNA

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11
Q

Codons within a coding region…..

Each Codon is….

A

…dictate the sequence of amino acids in a protein

…three nucleotides long

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12
Q

_________ and _______ are required for protein synthesis

A

rRNA and tRNA

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13
Q

rRNA is complexed with proteins to form ribonucleoprotein particles called _______, which bind ______ and ______ during translation.

A

Ribosomes; mRNA and tRNA

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14
Q

The tRNA contains an _____ that binds to a complementary codon on mRNA, ensuring insertion of the correct amino acid into the protein being synthesized

A

Anticodon

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15
Q

…of DNA is important for containing the DNA in the cell and regulation of gene expression–especially in eukaryotes

A

Packaging/condensing of DNA

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16
Q

DNA combines with proteins called ______ to form nucleosomes that are further condensed into wound ______

A

histones; chromatin

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17
Q

Where is the DNA in a prokaryote?

A

cytoplasm of cell

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18
Q

99% of all DNA is found in the _____ of a cell.

A

Nucleus, separated from rest of cell by nuclear envelope

  • small amount of DNA (0.1%) found in mitochondria
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19
Q

Nucleotides are composed of a _____, a ______, and a _______

A

Base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil), Sugar, and a phosphate

***MONOMERIC units of Nucleic Acid

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20
Q

Nucleosides lack _____

A

phosphates

-Think about ATP (Adenine TRIphosphate…)

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21
Q

DNA chains consist of _____ and _____ sugars linked by a ______ created by a _______bond

A

bases; deoxyribose sugars (x=H); phosphate backbone; phosphodiester bond

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22
Q

The creation of a phosphodiester bond produces ______ that…..

A

Pyrophosphate ( PPi delta G= -30 KJ) –> provides energy for reaction (favorable reaction with the release of energy)

  • *catalyzed by DNA polymerase
  • **DNA extends only in the 5’ to 3’ direction
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23
Q 
Adenine-Thymine = \_\_\_\_ H-Bonds
Guanine-Cytosine= \_\_\_\_\_ H-Bonds
A

A-T=2

G-C=3

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24
Stacking between bases -->
Major and Minor Grooves Major Groove allows for proteins to interact with DNA
25
In each base pair a purine (_____, _____) on one strand forms hydrogen bonds with a pyrimidine ( _____, _____) on the other strand.
Purine--> adenine, guanine | Pyrimidine---> thymine, cytosine
26
Two strands of DNA are _______
Complementary
27
The double Helix of DNA confers......
extra strength
28
The phosphate backbone lies on the ______ of the helix and contains a ______ charged oxygen giving the helix an overall _______ charge that aids in .....
outside; negatively; negative; aids in the binding of proteins and molecules **charges affect how compact/loose DNA is
29
Complementary Strands. Explain.
One strand: 5' carbon lies above 3' carbon --> 5' to 3' direction Complementary strand: opposite --> 3' to 5' direction Therefore: two strands are antiparallel
30
Take a break and go watch the videos on the slides. JUST DO IT.
You better have done it.
31
DNA has ____ types of conformations: ____, _____, and _____
3 Types: B-DNA, A- DNA, Z-DNA
32
B-DNA is a ______-handed helix. It is the MOST COMMON type and the presumed if not specified.
Right Handed
33
A-DNA is a ____-handed helix and is found in _______ (Transcription). It is more compact than B-DNA
Right-Handed; DNA-RNA hybids
34
Z-DNA is a ____-handed helix and is formed _______ Ex. during....
left-handed; transiently (momentarily, briefly) ....transcription
35
A _____ is all of an organism's DNA (nuclear and mitochondrial)
genome
36
The nuclear genome of a human haploid cell (sperm or egg) contains ____ chromosomes....and a haploid sperm/egg combine to form a ________
23 chromosomes...one of each; diploid zygote **BOM chicka WA WA
37
All mitotic progeny of a diploid zygote have a homologous pair of _________ and one pair of ______ for a total of ______Chromosomes in a single diploid cell
22 autosomes; sex chromosomes; 46 chromosomes
38
Chromosomes can be distinguished by their ______, ______, and _______ (which is what?)
size; staining pattern; FISH color (fluorescents that color chromosomes)
39
_______ are fundamental units of heredity and are arranged linearly along a chromosome
GENES--> contains DNA sequence encoding structural components,regulatory elements...
40
Each DNA molecule that forms a linear chromosome must contain a ______, two _______ and a ________
centromere, two telomeres, and a replication of origin (Eukaryotes/linear DNA multiple origins???)
41
a genetic LOCUS refers to the .....
specific location on a chromosome
42
Each gene in a diploid cell has a corresponding alternate version of the gene on its _________; these alternate gene versions are called ________, thus there are 2 _____ for each gene (one paternal, one maternal)
homologous chromosome, allele, alleles
43
Heterozygous--> | Homozygous-->
Hetero--> alleles function differenty Aa | Homo--> alleles function same AA or aa
44
Complexity of genome corresponds to ....
total genome size---human genome significantly larger than other genomes ***complexity--> how we utilize those genes (mice vs. human)
45
Exons-->
codes for a portion of a protein
46
Introns-->
Non-coding, spliced out
47
Eukaryote Packaging: DNA binds to ______ that contain large amounts of ____and ____because they are _____charged. This complex is called ______
HIstones; arginine & Lysine--> positive charge to bind to negative DNA backbone; histone-DNA complex=Chromatin *essential for transcription
48
_____are the basic unit of Chromatin (beads on string)
Nucleosome
49
Strings of nucleosomes wind into helical, tubular coils called ______
solenoids
50
Each of the core of histones has a long N-terminal amino acid ____ which....
Tails-> perform critical functions in regulating chromatin structure *****subject to covalent modifications
51
Tails are modified by _____of lysines, ______ of lysines, and _____ of serines.
acetylation and methylation of lysine, phosphorylation of serines
52
Acetyl groups are added to the histone tails by ______and are taken off by ______
ON-->acetyltransferases (HATS OFF--> de-acetyltransferases (HDACs) * targeted by drugs (especially cancer) * **HDAC upregulated in cancer-->silence of p53 tumor suppressor gene * *****Therefore HDAC inhibitors are anticancer drugs
53
Histone acetylation plays a crucial role in.....
destabilizing chromatin because acetyl group removes overall + charge from lysine making it more difficult to neutralize negative charge of DNA **acetylated histones don't pack well ***Acetyl groups change gene expression
54
Euchromatin: Heterochromatin:
E--> loose chromatin ready for transcription/replication | H--> most highly condensed, closed to processes
55
acetylation of tail histones associated with --> | deacetylation associated with -->
Acetylation--> euchromatin | Deacetylation--> heterochromatin
56
Genes can be silenced by .... not just by mutation
chromatin condensation so that genes can't be expressed
57
Uracil and thymine differ only by a ______ in thymine
methyl group
58
RNA chains are typically _____ stranded but they can form..
single stranded; secondary and tertiary structures due to base pair with self--->tRNA
59
mRNA contains a _____ sequence that is converted into the ______ of a polypeptide chain by the process of Translation
nucleotide sequence; amino acid sequence
60
Processing mRNA involves...
1) adding 5' guanosine cap 2) ...protein coding sequence... 3) poly-A tail 4) splicing out non-coding sequences (introns) ***post processing--> transfer to cytoplasm for translation
61
Ribosomes contain _____ and are complexes on which ....
rRNA; protein synthesis occurs
62
Prokaryotic ribosomes have 3 types of rRNA:
5S, 23S, and 16S
63
Eukaryotic ribosomes have 4 types of rRNA:
5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S
64
tRNA molecules carry amino acids to ribosomes and ensure....
that they are incorporated into correct position in polypeptide chain
65
There is one tRNA for each _______
amino acid -->20
66
Oligonucleotides serves as...
primer for DNA rep
67
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are involved in _____
splicing
68
microRNAs (miRNA) are ____ RNA with key functions in development, cell differentiation, regulation, and cells cycle/apoptosis
non-coding

Genetics (6 decks)

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