genetics module

Question 1

somatic cells

Answer 1

non reproductive cells. have 2 sets of chromosomes. go through mitosis (example - muscle cells)

Question 2

gametes

Answer 2

reproductive cells (sperm and egg) each have half a set of chromosomes

Question 3

cytokinesis

Answer 3

process where the two cells physically split apart (is a process within both mitosis and meiosis) happens through cleavage furrow in animal cells and cell all in plant cells

Question 4

G1 checkpoint

Answer 4

cell decides whether or not the cell is viable for continuing. checks for cell size, proper nutrients, proper growth and if there is damage

Question 5

G0 phase

Answer 5

if the cell is not viable after G1 checkpoint it will enter this phase and either recover and return back to go through mitosis or stay in this phase

Question 6

G2 checkpoint

Answer 6

checks for dna damage and problems with replication. if there is something wrong the cell will stop and fix the problem

Question 7

spindle checkpoints

Answer 7

checks the chromosome attachment during mitosis. (whether all chromosomes have been attached for anaphase

Question 8

what is the chemical constituent in nucleotides

Answer 8

nucleosides and a phosphate group

Question 9

purines

Answer 9

A, G

Question 10

pyrimidines

Answer 10

C, T, U

Question 11

how are nucleotides held together

Answer 11

by a phosphodiester bond in a 3’ to 5’ orientation

Question 12

binary fission

Answer 12

prokaryote reproduction by cell division. chromosomal reproduction starts at the origin of replication

Question 13

autosomes

Answer 13

non sex chromosomes

Question 14

prophase one

Answer 14

where crossing over occurs (only part of meiosis where this happens)

Question 15

metaphase 2

Answer 15

homologous chromosomes line up to begin separation

Question 16

metaphase 1

Answer 16

sister chromatids line up to begin separation

Question 17

synapsis

Answer 17

loose pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1, and allows crossing over during prophase 1 and ensures match up of homologous chromosomes

Question 18

semiconservative dna replication

Answer 18

breaking apart the double helix of dna in order to get 2 parent strands to use as a template for the new dna strands

Question 19

transcription

Answer 19

converting dna into rna

Question 20

translation

Answer 20

converting rna into proteins

Question 21

enzyme/enzyme complex responsible for translation

Answer 21

ribosomes

Question 22

enzyme/enzyme complex responsible for reverse transcription

Answer 22

rna dependent dna polymerase

Question 23

euchromatin

Answer 23

loosely packed chromatin

Question 24

heterochromatin

Answer 24

chromatin densely packed in the nucleus

Question 25

pedigree analysis

Answer 25

determining if the person has a (increased) chance of certain diseases that develop later in life

Question 26

promoter

Answer 26

dna sequence that rna polymerase attaches to in order to start translation

Question 27

which way is dna strand made

Answer 27

3' to 5'

Question 28

which way is rna strand made

Answer 28

5' to 3'

Question 29

G-Cap

Answer 29

the way pre mRNA molecules are altered at the 5' end end in eukaryotes

Question 30

poly a- tail

Answer 30

eukaryotes pre mRNA molecules are altered at 3' end (rna is make 3-5, poly tail modifies at the beginning)

Question 31

introns

Answer 31

non coding regions of mRNA transcript

Question 32

exons

Answer 32

coding regions of mRNA transcript

Question 33

RNA splicing

Answer 33

removes introns and joins extrons

Question 34

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

Answer 34

nuclear envelope

Question 35

where does transcription occur in prokaryotes

Answer 35

everything happens in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes

Question 36

primary transcript

Answer 36

initial rna transcript from any gene prior to processing

Question 37

triplet code

Answer 37

non overlapping nucleotide code for amino acids. contains 3 polypeptides

Question 38

stop codes

Answer 38

UAA + UAG + UGA

Question 39

indicator codons

Answer 39

AUG

Question 40

reading frame

Answer 40

order of polypeptides to be produced

Question 41

rna polymerase

Answer 41

pries dna strands apart and hooks rna nucleotides together

Question 42

` dna polymerase

Answer 42

catalyzes elongation of new dna at replication fork. rate =500 nucleotides/second in bacteria and 50 nucleotides/second in humans

Question 43

primer

Answer 43

dna polymerase needs a primer in order to begin catalyzing

Question 44

helicase

Answer 44

uses energy (ATP) to break hydrogen bonds and separate the strand at the replication fork

Question 45

semi discontinuous model

Answer 45

new nucleotides are added (via dna polymerase) contunuously from 3' to 5' only (this is not the true way)

Question 46

leading strand

Answer 46

continuous synthetization of dna. moves ahead of the lagging strand

Question 47

okazaki fragments

Answer 47

only on the lagging strand. are joined together by dna ligase

Question 48

genetic counselling

Answer 48

identifying parents at risk of producing kids with genetic defects. higher in mothers over 35, and couples with recessive alleles

Question 49

gene

Answer 49

one specific protein that can be a part of a long strand of dna

Question 50

allele

Answer 50

variation among genes. two people can have the same gene but because they code for two different things, they are two different alleles.

Question 51

synapsis

Answer 51

homologous chromosomes line up gene by gene on top of each other to get ready for crossing over (only happens during meiosis)

Question 52

independent assortment

Answer 52

during meiosis chromosomes line up along the centrosome independent of each other and sort out independent of each other so they are in random order at the end of meiosis

Question 53

crossing over

Answer 53

only during prophase 1. created genetic variation by crossing genes over with one another

Question 54

random fertilization

Answer 54

any spend can fertilize any gene, creating genetic variation because one specific sperm does not always go for one specific ovum

Question 55

true breeding

Answer 55

plants that can pollenate themselves are true breeders because they are breeding the same offspring every time

Question 56

hybridization

Answer 56

crossing over two true breeding organisms, one being homozygous recessive and one homozygous dominant.

Question 57

dihybrid cross

Answer 57

crossing two organisms that have the same genes for two traits. (one gene dom=brown hair rec=blonde hair, other gene dom=brown eyes, rec=blue eyes)

Question 58

monohybrid cross

Answer 58

crossing two organisms both with only one gene.

Question 59

P generation

Answer 59

parent generation of offspring. parent generation is true breeding and has self pollenated

Question 60

F1 generation

Answer 60

p generations offspring after pollenating its self. the F1 generation will now also self pollenate (all heterozygous)

Question 61

F2 generation

Answer 61

F1 generations offspring after self pollenating itself. (25% homozygous dom, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive)

Question 62

complete dominance

Answer 62

heterozygous individuals will show the same trait as homozygous recessive individuals. dominant trait will always show over recessive trait.

Question 63

incomplete dominance

Answer 63

the heterozygous individual will show a mix between dominant and recessive genes.

Question 64

codominance

Answer 64

both alleles of a gene will show their phenotypic trait. (like blood type)

Question 65

pleiotropy

Answer 65

one gene can show more than one phenotypic trait (ex. one gene could show both eye color and hair color)

Question 66

epistasis

Answer 66

one gene can effect whether another gene can have phenotypic expression or not. (baldness gene would be epistatic towards brown hair gene because you cannot have both)