lab test

Question 1

independent variable

Answer 1

the variable being tested in an experiment

Question 2

dependent variable

Answer 2

the variable being measured during an experiment

Question 3

controlled variables

Answer 3

variables that stay the same through the whole experiment (species, amount of food/ water etc.)

Question 4

replication

Answer 4

every experiment needs to be replicated to ensure similar results

Question 5

experimental design

Answer 5

comparing what the experimental and control groups will go through

Question 6

continuous data

Answer 6

can have whole or half numbers (fractions, decimals) is shown by a line graph

Question 7

experimental control

Answer 7

a group that does not receive any treatment

Question 8

discrete data

Answer 8

whole numbers only. cannot have any in between numbers. used in bar graphs, bars should not be touching

Question 9

carbohydrate structure

Answer 9

polymers of polysaccharide monomers. have a 1:2:1 ratio C:H:O

Question 10

benedicts test

Answer 10

tests for reducing sugars by changing color when it comes into contact with a free ketone or aldehyde group. will turn red/orange when the result is positive

Question 11

Lugols iodine test

Answer 11

tests for starch in carbohydrates. if positive, solution will turn blue/black

Question 12

positive control for benedicts test

Answer 12

glucose

Question 13

negative control

Answer 13

distilled water

Question 14

why would sucrose test negative (benedicts test)

Answer 14

because sucrose does not have a free ketone or aldehyde group

Question 15

why does the starch and HCL solution test positive for the benedict test

Answer 15

Because of the addition of the HCl in this solution, it is able to break some bonds and a free ketone or aldehyde group will become free

Question 16

Biuret test

Answer 16

tests for the peptide bonds (C-N) in proteins will turn violet with a positive test

Question 17

why do amino acids test negative during biuret test

Answer 17

because amino acids do not have the peptide bonds that proteins have

Question 18

protein structure

Answer 18

peptide (C-N) bonds

Question 19

triglycerol

Answer 19

glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

Question 20

sudan IV test

Answer 20

tests for lipids positive test will have a layer of red or globules

Question 21

saturated fat

Answer 21

solid at room temperature because they only have single bonds to hydrogen

Question 22

unsaturated fat

Answer 22

liquid at room temperature (oils) because they have some double bonds to hydrogen

Question 23

how can you tell if a drink is a diet drink

Answer 23

to test if something is actually diet, you would use benedicts test to test for reducing sugars in the drink

Question 24

would a soy burger test positive for protein

Answer 24

soy has proteins and therefore peptide bonds. you would use the biuret test for peptide bonds to figure out whether the burger has protein or not

Question 25

which vegetable enzyme is the most effected by heat

Answer 25

onion, because it changed color to clear the quickest after being added to heat

Question 26

which vegetable was the least effected by heat

Answer 26

celery was the least effected because it never did turn clear after heat was applied

Question 27

what is the optimal temp for peroxidase

Answer 27

22 deg C or room temperature produced the deepest blue color(zucchini)

Question 28

what could happen if an enzyme is out of its optimal temperature

Answer 28

if a enzyme is out of its optimal temperature, it may denature and therefore lose its function

Question 29

what concentration of amino acid was there a large drop in level of absorbance

Answer 29

5mg aa had the first drop in absorbance for some vegetables, then again at 15mg for the rest of the vegetables

Question 30

does increasing aa have the same effect on all the vegetables

Answer 30

Essentially increasing amount of ascorbic acid will eventually have the same effect on all enzymes (lower absorbance level) its just a matter of how much it takes to turn the solution clear with ascorbic acid

Question 31

what color does TMB turn the enzyme

Answer 31

Blue. darker blue = more enzyme activity, lighter blue = less enzyme activity

Question 32

ecomorphs of anolis lizards

Answer 32

1. twig anoles 2. crown giant anoles 3. trunk ground anoles, 4. trunk anoles 5. grass bush anoles 6. trunk crown anoles

Question 33

ecomorph vs. species

Answer 33

an ecomorph may not be closely related (usually pretty distant) but may look similar because they live in similar habitats. Species may not look alike but are closely related (usually because they habituate in different environments

Question 34

convergent evolution

Answer 34

different species have habitats in similar environments, so they have similar traits and evolve in similar ways even though they are of different species. Anolis ssagrei and anolis cybotes are from different islands but are both twig anoles, so they both probably evolved in similar habitats and have similar traits

Question 35

adaptive radiation

Answer 35

organisms / species diversity from one ancestral species by branching off rapidly into new species or ecomorphs

Question 36

ecomorph

Answer 36

same species living in different habitats and therefore having different traits

Question 37

nomenclature

Answer 37

first name is class second is italicized and lowercase for species

Question 38

natural selection

Answer 38

traits make it easier for individuals to survive in their environment, species with non - favored traits will not live very long because they will have better fitness than the other species If NS disturbs H-W equilibrium, evolution will occur

Question 39

directional selection

Answer 39

one extreme phenotype is favored because of some reason (ex. camoflauge)

Question 40

speciation

Answer 40

as two populations become genetically different, they become less able to interbreed, so they create an in between ancestor

Question 41

genetic drift

Answer 41

chance events (sudden change in environment) that changes allele frequencies over time

Question 42

population size vs. genetic drift

Answer 42

when the population is bigger, genetic drift will take a longer amount of time to have a lager effect, just because there are so many different individuals it has to get through, smaller population = more genetic drive, larger population = smaller amount of genetic drift

Question 43

stabilizing selection

Answer 43

selection pressures working against extreme phenotypes, favoring normal phenotypes

Question 44

disruptive selection

Answer 44

selective pressures favoring two extreme phenotypes, working against the normal phenotypes

Question 45

rules of microscopes

Answer 45

always remove slide, set objective to lowest power, use two hands to carry, wrap cord around oculars, put dust cover on

Question 46

low objective

Answer 46

4x power, 40 magnification

Question 47

medium objective

Answer 47

10x power, 100 magnification

Question 48

large objective

Answer 48

40x power, 400 magnification

Question 49

field of view calculations

Answer 49

how many squares specimen takes up on graphing slide (1 square = 1 mm) divided by how much space the specimen takes up (ex. 4,25 squares / 2 (half the slide) )

Question 50

mitosis

Answer 50

occurs in somatic cells (body cells). ends in two daughter cells. no genetic variation. results in two diploid cells

Question 51

prophase

Answer 51

chromosomes condense in the middle of the nucleus and spindle fibers begin to form

Question 52

metaphase

Answer 52

chromosomes line up along the centromere and spindle fibers are fully formed and attach to each chromosome on each side.

Question 53

anaphase

Answer 53

chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids to opposite ends to the cell.

Question 54

telophase

Answer 54

sister chromosomes are at the end of the cell and the cell begins to split into two

Question 55

cytokinesis

Answer 55

where the actual cell splits into two. cleavage furrow forms in animal cells to pinch cells apart and cell wall physically separates the cells by forming a wall in the middle of the two cells in plant cells

Question 56

what stage are cells in the longest

Answer 56

prophase

Question 57

what stage are cells in the shortest amount of time

Answer 57

anaphase

Question 58

where does meiosis occur in plants

Answer 58

sporangia

Question 59

what do plants produce by meiosis

Answer 59

spores (gametes) haploid

Question 60

what do animals produce by meiosis

Answer 60

sperm / eggs (gametes) haploid

Question 61

gene

Answer 61

genetic information on a gene

Question 62

locus

Answer 62

location of a gene on a chromosome

Question 63

null hypothesis

Answer 63

there is no significant difference between expected and observed results

Question 64

prediction (mendelian genetics)

Answer 64

if there is no significant difference, we can accept the null hypothesis and expected and actual ratios should be the same

Question 65

expected ratios for monohybrid cross (without codominance, or incomplete dominance)

Answer 65

3:1

Question 66

expected ratios for dihybrid cross

Answer 66

9:3:3:1

Question 67

what could it mean when the expected ratios are incorrect

Answer 67

could mean there was sampling error, or there was co dominance or incomplete dominance present in that allele

Question 68

expected mendelian ratio for test cross (monohybrid)

Answer 68

1:1:1:1

Question 69

nucleotide vs amino acid sequence

Answer 69

A nucleotide chain is a chain of base pairs of RNA or DNA (that are nnot linked together) these will have the same percent similarity and percent identity because each dna base can only code for one rna base. amino acids have redundancy so they will not quite match even though they code for the same thing, given the different percent identity and similarity

Question 70

percent identity

Answer 70

percent of nucleotides or amino acids that are the exact same in a comparison of amino acids or nucleotides

Question 71

percent similarity

Answer 71

percent of how many nucleotides or amino acids that have the same characteristics. (if one amino acid is large and one is small, it will not count as a similarity, same with hydrophilic vs hydrophobic.)

Question 72

why is there a difference in percent similarity and percent identity in the amino acid sequence

Answer 72

because of the redundancy in amino acid coding (four nucleotides code for 20 amino acids) the amino acids in two sequences may be similar but they might code for different things or have different characteristics, meaning they are not quite as similar as they may seem

Question 73

electrophoresis

Answer 73

using small amounts of dna to insert in a well of a container will gel, turning on the electrophoresis and seeing the base pair fragments move down the machine from negative to positive. will show dna matches if fragments are of the same size (same length down the machine)

Question 74

CRISPR

Answer 74

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

Question 75

Cas genes

Answer 75

genes that code for cas proteins

Question 76

nucleases

Answer 76

proteins(enzymes) that cut DNA

Question 77

helicases

Answer 77

unwind dna (enzyme)

Question 78

parts of the Cas9 system

Answer 78

Cas9, gRNA, host RNA