Genitourinary disorders

Question 1

what is the only segment of the nephron loop that is permeable to water?

Answer 1

descending limb (medulla)

Question 2

__________ cells drive sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion when stimulated by aldosterone

Answer 2

principal

Question 3

__________ cells secrete protons and reabsorb potassium

Answer 3

intercalated

Question 4

principal cells drive ________ reabsorption and __________ secretion when stimulated by aldosterone

Answer 4

sodium, potassium

Question 5

intercalated cells secrete _________ and reabsorb ___________

Answer 5

potassium

Question 6

which type of stones are radiolucent?

Answer 6

uric acid

Question 7

how do you treat uric acid stones?

Answer 7

alkalinize urine

Question 8

what is the pharm therapy for adult polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 8

• vasopressin receptor antagonists
• amiloride

prevent collection of fluid in cysts

Question 9

subepithelial humps?

Answer 9

post strep glomerulonephritis

Question 10

split basement membrane on EM?

Answer 10

alport syndrome

Question 11

spike and dome basement membrane thickening?

Answer 11

membranous nephropathy

Question 12

which type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with hep B and C?

Answer 12

membranous

Question 13

treatment for membranoproliferative GN?

Answer 13

corticosteroids combined with either ASA or dipyridamole

Question 14

treatment for amyloidosis GN?

Answer 14

• melphalan
• HSC transplant
• renal transplant

Question 15

prerenal azotemia FENa = ?

Answer 15

less than 1%

Question 16

ATN FENa = ?

Answer 16

over 2%

Question 17

what is the equation for FENa?

Answer 17

[(urine Na / serum Na)] / [(urine Cr / serum Cr)]

Question 18

RTA leads to a(n) _______________ (anion / non-anion) gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 18

non-anion

Question 19

what is the defect in type 1 RTA?

Answer 19

impaired proton secretion leading to secondary hyperaldosteronism

Question 20

what differentiates type 1 RTA from the others?

Answer 20

urine pH OVER 5.3

Question 21

what is the treatment for type 1 RTA?

Answer 21

• oral bicarb
• potassium
• thiazide diuretics

Question 22

what is the defect in type 2 RTA?

Answer 22

bicarb reabsorption defect

Question 23

what differentiates type 2 RTA from the others?

Answer 23

bone lesions on x-ray

Question 24

what is the treatment for type 2 RTA?

Answer 24

• oral bicarb
• potassium
• thiazide or loop diuretic

Question 25

what is the defect in type 4 RTA?

Answer 25

primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism

Question 26

what differentiates type 4 RTA from the others?

Answer 26

HYPERKALEMIA (and high Cl)

Question 27

what is the treatment for type 4 RTA?

Answer 27

- fludricortisone | - potassium RESTRICTION

Question 28

in a healthy person, serum pH is regulated by _____ reabsorption in the ___________ and blood _______

Answer 28

- bicarb in the proximal tubule | - pCO2

Question 29

normal anion gap suggests a loss of ________

Answer 29

bicarb

Question 30

increased anion gap acidosis suggests _____ excess

Answer 30

proton

Question 31

how do you determine the approximate required correction of sodium in a patient with purely fluid losses as the cause of hypernatremia?

Answer 31

water deficit = total body water x ([Na]/140 - 1) *total body water = 0.60 x mass in kg **half is given in 24 hrs in addition to maintenance fluids, remainder is given over following 24-48 hrs

Question 32

how do glucocorticoids treat hypercalcemia (severe cases)?

Answer 32

decrease intestinal absorption

Question 33

lower limit of normal Ca2+ decreases _____ mg/dL for each 1g/dL albumin under 4

Answer 33

0. 8 | * ionized calcium will not be affected by albumin levels

Question 34

in men, purulent urethral discharge is seen with what organism?

Answer 34

n. gonorrhoeae

Question 35

what type of culture is used for n. gonorrhoeae?

Answer 35

thayer martin

Question 36

which type of testicular tumor requires radical orchiectomy with the possibility of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection?

Answer 36

nonseminomatous (early stage)