Genome

Question 1

DNA genome size (nuclear)

Answer 1

3.2 X 10^9 bps

Question 2

Mt DNA genome size

Answer 2

16,569 bps

Question 3

Nuclear gene numbers

Answer 3

30,000 genes

Question 4

Mt genome number of genes

Answer 4

37

Question 5

Mt DNA

Answer 5

Only inherited from mother

haploid

Question 6

Franklin X-ray images suggest that

Answer 6

DNA is double helix

Question 7

Chargaff rules stated

Answer 7

A=T

G=C

Question 8

2 nucleotides are held together by

Answer 8

Covenant bond between sugar if one nucleotide and phosphate group of another

Question 9

2 strands are connected via

Answer 9

Hydrogen bonds

Question 10

The 2 strands run

Answer 10

Anti parallel

Question 11

Chromatin fibers are packed by

Answer 11

His tone proteins

Question 12

The histone protein octamer complex is formed from

Answer 12

Histone protein dimers of H2A H2B H3 H4

Question 13

The octamers bind and wrap the DNA around twice

Answer 13

To prevent the linear DNA from becoming a mess

Question 14

Necleosomes are separated by

Answer 14

30 bp linker DNA

Question 15

What protects the nucleosome from becoming a mess?

Answer 15

Histone H1 that binds to the linker DNA

Question 16

Linear DNA packing with histone proteins and forming a supercoiled sister chromatid

Answer 16

occurs in metaphase stage

Question 17

Metaphase chromosomes are used in

Answer 17

Karyotyping

Question 18

Genomic DNA can be easily denatured by

Answer 18

Heating

Question 19

DNA can be renatured by

Answer 19

Cooling

Question 20

When a double stranded DNA in solution is heated

Answer 20

the double-stranded DNA starts

unwinding, and the Hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together starts breaking

Question 21

Breaking a double-stranded DNA into single strands is known as

Answer 21

DNA denaturation

Question 22

When a DNA solution is cooled down, complementary DNA strands can reform into double stranded DNA. This process is called

Answer 22

Renaturation

Question 23

the G-C content of DNA is high

Answer 23

it needs higher temperature to even start denaturing

Question 24

The temperature at which the DNA strands are half denatured is called

Answer 24

The melting temperature

Question 25

Melting temperature varies to each organism’s DNA based on their

Answer 25

G-C / A-T contents

Question 26

Hybridization experiment is being done to identify

Answer 26

The DNA homology between two different organisms for a gene of interest

Question 27

PCR is used to

Answer 27

amplify the target DNA sequences in large quantities

Question 28

Coding genes

Answer 28

2% 64 Mb From genes to ➡️ proteins or RNA

Question 29

Non-coding

Answer 29

98% 3136 Mb Repetitive or introns

Question 30

Difference between eukaryotic gene and prokaryotic gene?

Answer 30

Eukaryotic genes have introns ( l2nha kbeera) Prokaryotic gene have no introns

Question 31

Eukaryotic mRNA is

Answer 31

Monocistronic | 1 mRNA ➡️ 1 protein

Question 32

Prokaryotic mRNA is

Answer 32

Polycistronic | 1 mRNA ➡️ 3 different proteins ( multiple proteins )

Question 33

Non-coding genes

Answer 33

98%

Question 34

Of the non-coding DNA, the repetitive DNA is

Answer 34

47% - DNA sequences that are repeated many times in the genome - Sequence repeats size can be from 1.0 to 100s of bases

Question 35

Repetitive DNA can be

Answer 35

interspersed: 44% Tandem: 3%

Question 36

Tandem are

Answer 36

Satellites

Question 37

Satellite DNA

Answer 37

repeated many times in the genome but adjacent to each other

Question 38

DNA repeat size ranges from

Answer 38

1.0 to 300 bases.

Question 39

Satellite DNA are mostly located in the

Answer 39

heterochromatin regions: – Telomeres – Centromeres

Question 40

Satellite DNAs (tandem repeats)

Answer 40

Identical/perfect TRs : AGCTG-AGCTG-AGCTG-AGCTG Degenerated/imperceptible TRs : AGCTG-TGCTG-AGGTG-AGCTG

Question 41

Transposons : a type of interspersed

Answer 41

44% are dispersed throughout the genome. They able to move from one genomic location to another : transposition

Question 42

2 types of transposons

Answer 42

DNA transposons | RNA transposons

Question 43

DNA transposons

Answer 43

3%

Question 44

RNA transposons (retrotransposons)

Answer 44

41%

Question 45

RNA transposons are two types

Answer 45

– Long terminal repeat (LTR) transposons | – Non-LTR transposons

Question 46

LTR

Answer 46

8%

Question 47

Non-LTR

Answer 47

33%

Question 48

Non-LTR can be classified into

Answer 48

* Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINES) | * Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES)

Question 49

LINES

Answer 49

20%

Question 50

SINES

Answer 50

13%

Question 51

DNA transposons move from one genomic location to another by

Answer 51

a cut-and-paste mechanism.

Question 52

RNA transposons (retrotransposons) copy themselves into into

Answer 52

RNA by host RNA polymerase

Question 53

RNA will be reverse transcribed into DNA by

Answer 53

transposon encoded reverse transcriptase

Question 54

DNA will then be inserted to another genomic location by

Answer 54

transposons encoded integrase

Question 55

One of the best studied transposons is

Answer 55

Alu elements (sequences)

Question 56

Alu elements (sequences)

Answer 56

Belongs to SINES retrotransposons

Question 57

Alu elements

Answer 57

about 300 base pairs in long

Question 58

60% of genomic DNA contain

Answer 58

repetitive (47%) & miscellaneous sequences

Question 59

40% of genomic DNA contain genes and related sequences

Answer 59

26% Introns 12% regulatory & conserved 2% Gene coding sequences

Question 60

sequence differences were found to occur in the 41% of the retrotransposons

Answer 60

3.5%➡️4% of them

Question 61

might have played a major role in Human evolution from Chipms by moving from one genomic location to another location.

Answer 61

RNA transposons