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Molecular genetics > Genome organisation > Flashcards

Genome organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the genome?

A

All of the genetic material present in a cell or organism.

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2
Q

What are the two genomes eukaryotes have?

A

Nuclear genome

Mitochondrial genome

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3
Q

What does the nuclear genome consist of?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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4
Q

How many protein coding genes and RNA genes does the nuclear genome contain?

A

21000 protein coding

6000 RNA genes

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5
Q

How is the nuclear genome inherited?

A

Maternal and paternal

Fusion of haploid gametes

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6
Q

What does the mitochondrial genome consist of?

A

Circular chromosomes

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7
Q

How many genes are in the mitochondrial genome, what do they code for?

A

37

24 code for non-coding RNAs and only 13 code for polypeptides

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8
Q

How is the mitochondrial genome inherited?

A

Maternally

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9
Q

What % of the nuclear genome codes for proteins?

A

1-2%

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10
Q

What does the non-protein coding nuclear genome consist of?

A

Repeat sequences,

Heterochromatin

RNA genes/regulatory sequences.

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11
Q

What are transposons?

A

Moveable repeat DNA elements that can create or remove DNA mutations.

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12
Q

What are the two main types of transposons?

A

Retrotransposons

DNA transposons

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13
Q

What do transposable elements result in?

A

Duplicates

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14
Q

How do DNA transposons copy?

A

Does not involve an RNA intermediate

DNA is instead cut out and pasted elsewhere.

Transposase enzymes cuts out the DNA transposon and ligates it into the target site.

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15
Q

What is a tandem repeat?

A

Pattern of one or more nucleotides is repeated and the repetitions are directly adjacent to each other.

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16
Q

What is satellite DNA, how large?

A

Large repeats (170 nucleotides) of sequences adjacent to eachother.

17
Q

Where is satellite DNA found?

A

Centromeres and heterochromatin

18
Q

What are VNTRs?

A

Variable number tandem repeats. Short sequence is repeated.

19
Q

What are VRTRs useful for and why?

A

Analysis is useful in genetics and biology research, forensics, and DNA fingerprinting.

Show variations in length (number of repeats) among individuals.

20
Q

How large are mini-satellite repeats?

A

10-50 nucleotides

21
Q

How large are microsatellite repeats?

A

1-4 nucleotides

22
Q

What is a gene?

A

Defined as a determinant of a Mendelian character

Also as a functional unit of DNA.

23
Q

What protein coding genes does mtDNA code for?

A

ATP synthase, Fo (complex V)

Cytochrome c oxidase, (complex IV)

NADH dehydrogenase, (complex I)

24
Q

What 3 complexes of the ETC are coded for by mtDNA?

A

I, IV, V

25
Q

Does mtDNA code for all the ETC complexes?

A

No

26
Q

What RNA is coded for by mtDNA?

A

tRNA some rRNA

27
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is found in …

A

Both sperm and egg

28
Q

Mitochondrial genome is composed of …

A

a double-stranded circular DNA molecule

29
Q

Inheritance of mutations in the mitochondrial genome is…

A

Often associated with neuromuscular disorders

Molecular genetics (7 decks)

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