GENUS TRYPANOSOMA Flashcards by Maria Ella Recare

Trypanosoma

✓ Flagellate protozoan parasites that live in the blood, lymph and various tissues of their vertebrate hosts

✓ parasites of all vertebrate classes

✓ majority are transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates, although other transmission mechanisms exist

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Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus NANNOMONAS

T. congolense and T. simiae

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Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus DUTTONELA

T. vivax

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Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus MEGATRYPANUM

T. theileri and T. melophagium

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Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus TRYPANOZOON

T. brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense, T. equinum, T. evansi and T. equiperdum

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2-3um Leishmania amastigote maybe the smallest eukaryotic cells

Amastigote

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flagellum is very short, projecting only slightly beyond the flagellar pocket

Amastigote

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elongated body with flagellum extending forward as a functional organelle

Promastigote

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kinetosome and kinetoplast are located in front of the mucleus, near the anterior end of the body

Promastigote

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Kinetoplast and kinetosome are still located between the nucleus and the anterior end, but a short undulating membrane lies along the proximal part of the flagellum

Epimastigote (Crithidial)

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Kinetoplast and kinetosome are near to the posterior end of the body

Trypomastigote (trypanosome)

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flagellum runs along the surface, usually continuing as a free whip anterior to the body

Trypomastigote (trypanosome)

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Two broad groups of Trypanosomes

✓ Hemoflagellates
✓ Mucoflagellates

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blood and tissue parasites

Hemoflagellates

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live in the mouth and the cecum/colon

Mucoflagellates

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Two broad groups of Trypanosomes

✓ Salivaria
✓ Stercoraria

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develops at the anterior portions of the digestive tract (anterior station)

Salivaria

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Example of Salivaria

T. brucei ssp., T. evansi, T. congolense, T. vivax

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develop at the vectors hindgut (posterior station)

Stercoraria

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Example of Stercoraria

T. cruzi, T. lewisi, T. theileri, T. melophagium, T. canorini

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do not require development in an intermediate host

Trypanosoma equiperdum and T. equinum

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Salivarian Trypanosome

Fly takes in the trypanosome by feeding- Develops into infective form in the salivary glands- Infective form transferred to animal by feeding

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Stercorarian Trypanosome

Fly takes in the trypanosome by feeding- Trypanosome develops into infective form in the rectum- Infective form transferred to another animal through feces

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Modes of Transmission of Trypanosomes

• Cyclical
• Non-cyclical
• Coitus
• Transplacental
• Ingestion of fresg carcasses or organs of animals which died of the infection intrauterine

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anterior station development; multiplication and transformation in the gut and proboscis; transmission is by feeding

Salivaria

posterior station development; multiplication in the gut; infective forms migrate to the rectum and passed out in the feces

Stercoraria

mechanical transmission by TABANIDS and STOMOXYS; no cross transmission because trypanosomes die quickly

Noncyclical

arthropod intermediate host (biological)

Cyclical

Pathogenesis of Trypanosomes

✓ Lymphoid enlargement ✓ Hemolysis ✓ Cell degeneration and inflammatory infiltrate

exhaustion of cellular elements

lymphoid enlargement

failure of phagocytic system

Hemolysis

tissue degeneratiom particularly the CNS and the heart muscles

Cell degeneration and inflammatory infiltrate

Determines the spread of Trypanosomiasis

• Distribution of vectors • Virulence • Host preference

Trypanosoma brucei consists of 3 subspecies;

✓ Trypanosoma brucei brucei ✓ Trypanosoma brucei gambiense ✓ Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

pleomorphic, showing long slender, short stumpy and intermediate forms

Trypanosoma brucei

represents the ancestral form

Trypanosoma brucei

T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense have evolved from it

All utilize the GLOSSINA FLIES (TSETSE FLIES) as the vector. ID by wing veination "Hatchet cells"

Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei life cycle

° only 2 stages in life cycle ° Epimastigote and the trypomastigote stages

Trypanosoma brucei brucei transmit;

- African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT: tsetse disease, tsetse fly disease, AFRICAN ANIMAL NAGANA)

Trypanosoma brucei brucei affects livestock animals like?

Sheep, goats, oxen, horses, camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, and mules; non-pathogenic to humans

Lives in the blood, lymph nodes and spleen and CSF

Nagana (Trypanosoma brucei brucei)

Pathogenesis of Nagana (T. b. brucei)

✓ Horse, mules and donkey, dogs- suffer acutely and may die in 15 days

Symptoms of Nagana (T. b. brucei)

Anemia, edema, watery eyes and nose and fever; blindness is common in dogs

are parasitic in the bloodstream of sheep, goats, cattle, horses, pigs and dogs may also be infected but cattle most important

Trypomastigotes

- Cattle become emaciated and uncoordinated - Cattle die in a few weeks to months

common drug treatment of trypomastigotes

Berenil

Infects humans only causing SLEEPING SICKNESS

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

called as sleeping sickness

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)

Vector of T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense (Sleeping sickness)

Glossina palpalis and G. morsitans

less plentiful. cannot live in lab animals

T. brucei gambiense

Reservoir host of T. b. gambiense

goats, cattle & pigs

T. brucei gambiense transmitted by?

G. palpalis

More plentiful. Can live in lab animals. Nucleus is shifted posteriorly

T. brucei rhodesiense

Reservoir host of T. brucei rhodesiense

wild game animals

T. brucei rhodesiense transmitted by?

G. morsitans

Pathogenesis of HAT

- Chancre - Swollen and congested lymph nodes at neck, groin and legs

develops where metacyclic trypanosomes are inoculated

Chancre

Swollen and congested lymph nodes at neck, groin and legs

Winterbottom's sign

rapid weight loss and heart involvement; no somnambulism or other protracted nervous disorders

T. b. rhodesiense

invade the central nervous system, they initiate the chronic, sleeping-sickness stage of infection

T. b. gambiense

Pathogenesis of Sleeping sickness

Chancre- blood- lymphatics- CNS- Death

increase apathy, disinclination to work, mental dullness; tremor of the tongue, hands, paralysis or convulsions usually follow

Sleeping Sickness

Sleeping sickness

- sleeping increases with patient falling asleep even while eating or standing - finally coma and death ensue (malnutrition, pneumonia, heart failure, severe fall)

Treatment for Sleeping sickness most common used, useful but they have severe side effects

Melarsoprol or Suramin

Trypanosoma congolense

- Causes "Nagana disease" - fatal in cattle and other domestic animals; wild ruminants - Africa - Transmitted by Glossina and biting flies - Severe anemia with no immature RBC

Trypanosoma vivax

- Causes "Souma" - Affects the blood of ruminants and other animals; wild game animals are reservoir - Africa, South and Central America - Mucosal and serosal hemorrhages in the body, anemia

causes Nagana disease

Trypanosoma congolense

fatal in cattle and other domestic animals; wild ruminants

Trypanosoma congolense

Trypanosoma congolense transmitted by?

Glossina and biting flies

can cause sever anemia with no immature RBC

Trypanosoma congolense

causes Souma

Trypanosoma vivax

Affects the blood of ruminants and other animals; wild game animals are reservoirs

Trypanosoma vivax

can cause mucosal and serosal hemorrhages in the body, anemia

Trypanosoma vivax

Affects blood of large ruminants

Trypanosoma theileri

present in the Philippines (65% prevalence in cattle and carabaos on culture but responds negative to mouse test)

Trypanosoma theileri

Trypanosoma theileri transmitted by?

Biting flies; TABANUS and HAEMATOPOTA

Transmitted by biting flies; Tabanus and Haematopota

Trypanosoma theileri

has been associated with "Turning sickness" in Uganda, abortion and decreased milk yield

Trypanosoma theileri

may interfere with the diagnosis of Surra (larger than T. evansi)

Trypanosoma theileri

Treatment for Trypanosoma Theileri

° Diminazene aceturate (DA) ° Isometamidium chloride (IMC) ° Suramin ° Quinapyramine

most widely used. binding to kinetoplast DNA thereby inducing complete and irreversible loss of kDNA in certain strains of trypanosomes

Diminazene aceturate (DA)

highly toxic because they are DNA intercalating agents. Use in field is not recommended

Isometamidium chloride (IMC)

ureic component, no longer used. Inhibition of enzymes involved with the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

Suramin

GENUS TRYPANOSOMA Flashcards

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