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GEO CE > GeoCE Module 3: Part 4 > Flashcards

GeoCE Module 3: Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

It refers to a mineral’s ability to transmit light.

A

Diaphaneity

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All minerals are transparent.

A

FALSE

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

When minerals are thin, some distortion may occur, but light passes relatively freely through them.

A

FALSE

(when minerals are thick)

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4
Q

This mineral has been used in some industrial applications. Unfortunately , it is not very durable because it is very soft.

A

Iceland Spar / Calcite

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5
Q

Minerals that do not transmit light as well as clear calcite may be _________.

A

Translucent

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6
Q

Although it is not possible to see through them as with transparent minerals, if thin enough, these minerals transmit light.

A

Translucent Minerals

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7
Q

Minerals that are often commonly translucent.

A

calcite, gypsum, topaz, and many micas

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8
Q

This mineral comes in many different colors but, unless very finely crystallized, it is generally translucent to some degree.

A

Quartz

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Some minerals are neither transparent nor translucent, and are opaque instead.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

These minerals do not transmit light unless the mineral is exceptionally thin.

A

Opaque Minerals

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11
Q

Most ________ minerals have metallic lusters and belong to the sulfide, oxide, or native element groups.

A

Opaque

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12
Q

What are the two more common examples of opaque minerals?

A

Pyrite and Magnetite

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13
Q

It is often used for quick identification of minerals.

A

Color

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14
Q

Sometimes, it can be diagnostic, but for many minerals it is ambiguous or even misleading.

A

Color

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15
Q

It is just one variety of the mineral corundum.

A

Ruby

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16
Q

They are different colored varieties of the same mineral.

A

Sapphires

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The deep red color of rubies may seem distinctive.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

To add to the confusion, other minerals, such as ______ or _______, may have the same deep red color as ruby.

A

spinel or garnet

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Color is ambiguous because many things can give a mineral its color.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

It is one of the most misunderstood mineral properties.

A

Color

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

When we see that a mineral has no color, what we are really observing is the color of the light that is being reflected or transmitted to our eye.

A

FALSE

(when we see that a mineral has color)

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22
Q

This light is called white light and it includes many different colors.

A

Normal light

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23
Q

When white light strikes a mineral surface, if all of the colors are reflected back to our eyes, the mineral will appear ______.

A

white

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24
Q

If none of the colors are reflected back to our eye, the mineral will appear ______.

A

black

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

If none of the colors are reflected back to our eye, the mineral will appear white.

A

FALSE

(the mineral will appear black)

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

When white light strikes a mineral surface, if all of the colors are reflected back to our eyes, the mineral will appear black.

A

FALSE

(the mineral will appear white)

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27
Q

The other ______________ are scattered in other directions or are absorbed or transmitted by the mineral in some way.

A

wavelengths of light

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28
Q

Although it would never occur to many people to check this mineral’s property, it is sometimes a key diagnostic
property.

A

Streak

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29
Q

It is not a useful property for identifying most silicates but is especially useful for distinguishing oxide and sulfide
minerals.

A

Streak

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30
Q

This property of a mineral is the color it has when finely powdered.

A

Streak

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31
Q

For mineral identification, it is much more reliable than mineral color, and it is easy to determine.

A

Streak

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

For mineral identification, color is much more reliable than mineral streak, and it is easy to determine.

A

FALSE (mineral streak is more reliable)

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33
Q

The usual method of determining this property of mineral is to rub the mineral against a ceramic streak plate or other piece of unglazed ceramic.

A

Streak

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34
Q

It is a good diagnostic property because the mineral is finely powdered, so structural and other nonchemical effects are minimized.

A

Streak color

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35
Q

This mineral comes in many different colors, but its streak is always white.

A

Calcite

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36
Q

This mineral is yellow but has a dark colored streak, as does chalcopyrite.

A

Pyrite (fool’s gold)

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37
Q

This minerals has a color similar to pyrite’s (in hand specimen), has a yellow-gold streak.

A

Gold

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38
Q

They routinely use streak when identifying minerals, both in the laboratory and in the field, but it cannot be determined for minerals harder than the hardness of a streak plate.

A

Mineralogists

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39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Some minerals will emit light when they are activated by an energy form other than visible light

A

TRUE

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40
Q

Some minerals will emit light when they are activated by an energy form other than visible light. We call such an effect ____________.

A

luminescence

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41
Q

Examples of luminescence includes?

A

fluorescence, phosphorescence, and thermoluminescence

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42
Q

Fluorescence, phosphorescence, and thermoluminescence are example of?

A

luminescence

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43
Q

These minerals give off visible light when they are struck by energy of a shorter wavelength.

A

Fluorescent minerals

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44
Q

If the visible emission continues after the energy source is turned off, the mineral is _______________.

A

phosphorescent

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45
Q

What is an example of a phosphorescent mineral?

A

Pectolite

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46
Q

These minerals such as some tourmalines give off visible light in response to heating.

A

Thermolurminescent minerals

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47
Q

Some varieties of fluorite, calcite, and apatite also have this property.

A

Thermolurinescent

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48
Q

It is a form of light scattering due to very fine particles in the minerals or to textures of mineral surfaces

A

Play of Colors

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49
Q

This commonly appears when metallic minerals such as bomite tarnish or, in this case, when limonite tarnishes.

A

Play of Colors

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50
Q

It is a variety iridescence.

A

Labradorescence

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51
Q

What are the two special scattering effects most easily seen in gemmy polished minerals?

A

Chatoyancy and Asterism

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52
Q

A property sometimes visible in rubies, sapphires, garnets, and some other gems, refers to scattered light appearing as a ‘star.

A

Asterism

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53
Q

What is the famous sapphire that is in the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

A

Star of India

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54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Chatoyancy and asterism are caused by closely packed parallel fibers or inclusions of other minerals within a mineral crystal.

A

TRUE

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55
Q

This famous sapphire has spectacular asterism.

A

Star of India

56
Q

The color and shape of minerals are obvious to anyone, but ________ note other, more subtle, properties too.

A

mineralogists

57
Q

It refers to a mineral’s toughness and its resistance to breaking or deformation.

A

Tenacity

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Those that break, bend, or deform easily have great tenacity.

A

FALSE

(little tenacity)

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Strong unbreakable minerals have little tenacity.

A

FALSE:

(strong tenacity)

60
Q

Gemmy jade may be either of two minerals:

A

jadete or nephrite

61
Q

It is a rock containing amphibole

A

Nephrite

62
Q

It s one of the most tenacious natural materials known.

A

Jade

63
Q

It does not easily break or deform, even when under extreme stress. That is one reason, besides beauty, that it is prized as a gemstone.

A

Jade

64
Q

It is often leads to rigid, brittle minerals.

A

Ionic Bonding

65
Q

It s an excellent example of a brittle mineral.

A

Halite

66
Q

It is brittle, although the bonding in it is only about half ionic.

A

Quartz

67
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Many metallic minerals, Such as native copper, are malleable, which mean we can shape them with a hammer.

A

TRUE

68
Q

It is also ductile, which means we canstretch it out into wire like shapes.

A

Native Copper

69
Q

Some minerals, including talc and chlorite, are flexible due to weak _______ and _________ holding well bonded layers of atoms together.

A

van der Waals
hydrogen bonds

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

When force is removed, slippage between layers allows bending.

A

FALSE

(when force is applied)

71
Q

When _______ is released, minerals do not return to their original shape. S

A

pressure

72
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Other minerals, notably the micas, are elastic.

A

TRUE

73
Q

easily broken or powdered

A

Brittle

74
Q

capable of being hammered into different shapes

A

Malleable

75
Q

capable of being cut into shavings with a knife

A

Sectile

76
Q

capable of being drawn into a wire-like shape

A

Ductile

77
Q

capable of being bent into a different shape

A

Flexible

78
Q

a bendable mineral that returns to its original shape after release

A

Elastic

79
Q

It is a general term used to describe the way a mineral breaks or cracks.

A

Fracture

80
Q

Terms used to describe fracture include even, ___________ and __________.

A

conchoidal and splintery

81
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Because atomic arrangement is the same in all directions within a crystal, and chemical bonds are not all the same strength, most crystals break along preferred directions.

A

FALSE

82
Q

What are the two important clues to crystal structure?

A

orientation and manner of breaking

83
Q

It involves minerals breaking parallel to planes of atoms.

A

Cleavage

84
Q

If the fractures are ______ and _______, we say that the mineral has good cleavage.

A

planar and smooth

85
Q

What are the geometric terms we use to describe cleavage when appropriate?

A

cubic, octahedral, rhombohedral, or prismatic

86
Q

Breaking to produce smooth planar surfaces (halite).

A

Even

87
Q

Breaking to produce rough and irregular surfaces (rhodonite).

A

Uneven / Irregular

88
Q

Fracturing to produce jagged surfaces and sharp edges (copper).

A

Hackly

89
Q

Forming sharp splinters (kyanite, pectolite).

A

Splintery

90
Q

Forming fibrous material (chrysotile, crocidolite).

A

Fibrous

91
Q

Breaking with curved surfaces as in the manner of glass (quartz).

A

Conchoidal

92
Q

What are the six (6) terms we used to describe fracture?

A

Even
Uneven / Irregular
Hackly
Splintery
Fibrous
Conchoidal

93
Q

What are the five (5) terms we used to describe cleavage?

A

Basal
Cubic
Rhombohedral
Octahedral
Prismatic

94
Q

well developed planar cleavage in one direction only; also sometimes called “platy” (micas)

A

Basal

95
Q

Basal is sometime called _________.

A

Platy

96
Q

three cleavages at 90 to each other (galena)

A

Cubic

97
Q

three cleavages not at 9Þ to each other (calcite)

A

Rhombohedral

98
Q

four cleavages that produce 8-sided cleavage fragments (fluorite)

A

Octahedral

99
Q

multiple directions of good cleavage all parallel to one direction in the crystal (tremolite)

A

Prismatic

100
Q

It is a mineral’s resistance to abrasion or scratching.

A

Hardness

101
Q

It is determined by trying to scratch a surface of one mineral with an edge or corner of a second mineral.

A

Relative hardness

102
Q

It’s symbolized by H.

A

Relative hardness

103
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

If a scratch or abrasion results, the first mineral is the harder.

A

FALSE

(softer)

104
Q

It is not quite the same as relative hardness.

A

Absolute hardness

105
Q

It is the measure of a material’s ability to resist permanent deformation.

A

Absolute hardness

106
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Although rarely done by mineralogists, values of absolute hardness may be determined in several ways; the easiest is to use an indenting tool similar to ones used to measure the hardness of steel.

A

TRUE

107
Q

It measures the force necessary to produce a permanent indentation in a flat surface.

A

Indenting tool

108
Q

This table gives the relative hardness scale that is used by mineralogists.

A

Mohs Hardness Scale

109
Q

This table was named after the Austrian mineralogist Friedrich Mohs who developed it in 1812.

A

Mohs Hardness Scale

110
Q

He is an Austrian mineralogist who developed the Mohs Hardness Scale.

A

Friedrich Mohs

111
Q

It ranks minerals by their ability to scratch each other.

A

Mohs Scale

112
Q

It is related to absolute hardness but does not measure the same thing because resistance to Scratching depends on additional factors.

A

Mohs Scale

113
Q

It is not linear and is close to being exponential.

A

Mohs Scale

114
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

If we compare the absolute hardness with Mohs hardness scale, we find that the absolute hardness is not linear and is close to being exponential.

A

FALSE(Mohs Hardness scales is the one close to being exponential)

115
Q

What are the four (4) hardest minerals?

A

quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond

116
Q

This mineral is only slightly harder than talc.

A

Gypsum

117
Q

This mineral has a hardness five times greater than corundum.

A

Diamond

118
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

We can estimate relative hardness by conducting scratch tests to compare the hardness of an unknown mineral to the minerals in the Mohs hardness Scale.

A

TRUE

119
Q

We can estimate relative hardness by conducting these tests to compare the hardness of an unknown mineral to the minerals in the Mohs hardness Scale.

A

Scratch test

120
Q

Alternatively, we can approximate hardness by comparing mineral hardness with the hardness of a ___________, _________, ___________, ______, or several other common objects

A

fingernail, penny, pocketknife, glass

121
Q

It id one of the softest minerals known, and has a hardness of 2 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Gypsum

122
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 1 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Talc

123
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 3 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Calcite

124
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 4 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Fluorite

125
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 5 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Apatite

126
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 6 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Feldspar

127
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Quartz

128
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Topaz

129
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Corundum

130
Q

This minerals has a hardness of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale.

A

Diamond

131
Q

These tests are often straightforward, but there can be complications.

A

Scratch test

132
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mineral specimens may be too small or too valuable to scratch

A

TRUE

133
Q

They may consist of many grains loosely cemented together so that scratch tests are not possible.

A

Large samples

134
Q

The results of these tests may be ambiguous, especially if two minerals have the same, or nearly the same. hardness.

A

Scratch tests

135
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The results of scratch tests may be ambiguous, especially if two minerals have the same, or nearly the same hardness.

A

TRUE

GEO CE (6 decks)

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