Geodesy ALL Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
__________ thought that the earth is a flat disk supporting a hemispherical sky
a. Homer
b. Pythagoras
c. Aristotle
d. Eratosthenes
A
a. Homer
2
Q
__________ suggested that the earth is a spherical shape on the basis that the sphere
was considered a perfect shape and not from observations.
a. Homer
b. Pythagoras
c. Aristotle
d. Eratosthenes
A
b. Pythagoras
3
Q
__________ gave arguments that would support the hypothesis that the earth must be
spherical in shape. Reasons mentioned are as follows:
i. Changing horizons as one travels in various directions.
ii. Round shadow of the earth that was observed in lunar eclipses.
iii. The observation of a ship at sea where more (or less) of the ship is seen as the
ship approaches (or goes away)
a. Homer
b. Pythagoras
c. Aristotle
d. Eratosthenes
A
c. Aristotle
4
Q
The first attempt at a precise determination of the size of the earth is ascribed to
__________ of Egypt. The developments in Egypt were a natural follow up to the
developments made in surveying for the purpose of property location.
a. Homer
b. Pythagoras
c. Aristotle
d. Eratosthenes
A
d. Eratosthenes
5
Q
In the 17th Century, __________ carried out measurements along a meridian in the
Netherlands. For the first time for this purpose, he used a triangulation procedure with
one-minute precision. Combining this measurement with astronomic latitude made at the
endpoints of the meridian arc, he determined the size of the spherical earth.
a. Richer
b. Snellius
c. Picard
d. Cassini
A
b. Snellius
6
Q
In 1666, the Académie Royale des Science was established to carry out measurements
for the preparation of the accurate map of France and the determination of the size of
the earth. The computations made from these measurements indicated that the length of
the meridian arc was smaller towards the poles. It implied that the earth is __________
in shape.
a. oblate
b. prolate
c. spherical
d. irregular
A
b. prolate
7
Q
__________, in considering his attraction theory, postulated that the rotating earth
should be flattened in the __________. This would imply that as one travels towards the
equator we go farther from the center of the earth.
a. Bouguer, equator
b. Bouguer, poles
c. Newton, equator
d. Newton, poles
A
d. Newton, poles
8
Q
________ observed that pendulum clocks that kept good time in Paris lose 2 ½
minutes per day when brought to Cayenne, Guiana, near the equator in South America.
This indicates that the earth is flattened at the poles.
a. Richer
b. Snellius
c. Picard
d. Cassini
A
a. Richer
9
Q
In the 1730s, the Académie Royale des Science had two geodetic survey missions. One
expedition was sent to Peru (now Ecuador at a latitude of about 1-5 degrees under the
direction of Godin, La Condamine and Bouguer. The second expedition was sent to
Lapland (at a latitude of about 66.3 degrees) under the direction of Maupertuis. The
result of these measurements indicated that the length of 1 degree of meridian was
greater in the __________ regions than the __________ regions; indicating that the
earth can be represented by an ellipsoid slightly flattened at the poles.
a. polar; equatorial
b. equatorial; polar
c. tropics; polar
d. equatorial; tropics
A
a. polar; equatorial
10
Q
A second of latitude near the equator bears what relationship to a second of arc near the
pole?
a. A second of latitude near the poles is approximately a foot longer than a second
of latitude near the equator
b. A second of latitude has the same length regardless of its distance from the
equator.
c. A second of latitude near the poles is approximately a foot shorter than a second
of latitude near the equator
d. Each second of latitude north of the equator grows progressively shorter until it
reaches a point at the pole.
A
a. A second of latitude near the poles is approximately a foot longer than a second
of latitude near the equator
11
Q
C is equal to:
a. √(𝑎 − 𝑏)
b. √(𝑏 − 𝑎)
c. √(𝑎^2 + 𝑏^2)
d. √(𝑎^2 − 𝑏^2)
A
d. √(𝑎^2 − 𝑏^2)
12
Q
__________ is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to
form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are
ellipticity, or oblateness.
a. Eccentricity
b. Linear eccentricity
c. Flattening
d. Angular eccentricity
A
c. Flattening
13
Q
Polar flattening (f) is defined as:
a. (𝑎 − 𝑏)/𝑎
b. (𝑎^2 − 𝑏^2)/𝑎^2
c. (𝑎^2 − 𝑏^2)/𝑏^2
d. 1 −𝑎/b
A
a. (𝑎 − 𝑏)/𝑎
14
Q
The angular eccentricity (𝛼) is the angle at P1 between the minor and a line drawn from
P1, to either F1 or F2. Which of the following equations define 𝛼
a. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 𝑏/𝑎= 1 − 𝑓
b. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑒′
c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑒
d. All of the above
A
a. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 𝑏/𝑎= 1 − 𝑓
15
Q
The linear eccentricity (E) is defined as:
a. E = ae
b. E = af
c. E = ae’
d. E = ef
A
a. E = ae
16
Q
Which of the following equations are true?
a. 𝑒^2 = 1 −𝑏^2/𝑎^2
b. 𝑏/𝑎= 1 − 𝑓
c. 𝑒^2 = 2𝑓 − 𝑓^2
d. All of the above
A
d. All of the above
17
Q
Which of the following define the size of an ellipse?
a. Semi-major axis length (a)
b. Flattening (f)
c. First eccentricity (e)
d. Second eccentricity (e’)
A
a. Semi-major axis length (a)
18
Q
The value 6,378,206.4 m is the semi-major axis of the __________ ellipsoid.
a. Clarke (1880)
b. Clarke (1866)
c. World Geodetic System (1984), WGS84
d. Geodetic Reference System (1980), GRS80
A
b. Clarke (1866)
19
Q
Which of the following terms describes a great circle on which every point is equidistant
from the north and south pole?
a. prime meridian
b. international date line
c. tropic of Capricorn
d. terrestrial equator
A
d. terrestrial equator
20
Q
Which of the following statements correctly describes properties of the geographical
coordinate known as latitude?
a. Latitude is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds north or south of the
equator
b. Every position on earth has a unique latitude, which is unlike the latitude of any
other position on the earth
c. A parallel of latitude is a great circle on the surface of the earth
d. All of the above are true
A
a. Latitude is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds north or south of the
equator
21
Q
Which of the following statements correctly describes the properties of the geographical
coordinate known as longitude?
a. Each meridian of longitude lies in the plane of a great circle
b. The distance along a parallel of latitude trough a degree of longitude grows
smaller as the latitude approaches 90°.
c. 15° of longitude equals one mean solar hour.
d. All of the above are true
A
d. All of the above are true
22
Q
The __________ latitude of a point P is the angle at the origin and in the meridian plane
from the equator to the radial line through P.
a. geocentric
b. geodetic
c. reduced or parametric
d. Isometric
A
a. geocentric
23
Q
The __________ latitude of a point P is defined as the angle at the origin and in the
meridian from the equator to the radial line that intersects the projection of P, along a
perpendicular to the equator, at a sphere of radius 𝑣 = √𝐸2 + 𝑢
2.
a. geocentric
b. geodetic
c. reduced or parametric
d. Isometric
A
c. reduced or parametric
24
Q
The __________ latitude of a point P is the angle from the meridian plane from the
equator to the line through P that is also perpendicular to the ellipsoid.
a. geocentric
b. geodetic
c. reduced or parametric
d. Isometric
A
b. geodetic
25
The geodetic, reduced, and geocentric latitudes are usually designated by the symbols
____, _____, and ____ respectively.
a. 𝜓,𝜙, 𝛽
b. 𝜙, 𝜓, 𝛽
c. 𝛽, 𝜓,𝜙
d. 𝜙, 𝛽, 𝜓
d. 𝜙, 𝛽, 𝜓
26
The prime vertical radius of curvature at the equator equal to:
a. a
b. b
c. a(1-e)
d. a(1-f)
a. a
27
Which of the following statements is/are true?
a. At any point, M and N are, respectively, the minimum and maximum radii of
curvature for all normal sections through the point.
b. The value of M and N are equal at the equator
c. N at pole < N at equator
d. All statements are true
a. At any point, M and N are, respectively, the minimum and maximum radii of
curvature for all normal sections through the point.
28
The Y-coordinate of the station can be determined by the equation:
a. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆
b. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆
c. (𝑁(1 − 𝑒^2) + ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
d. None of the above
b. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆
29
The Z-coordinate of the station can be determined by the equation:
a. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆
b. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆
c. (𝑁(1 − 𝑒^2) + ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
d. None of the above
c. (𝑁(1 − 𝑒^2) + ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
30
The X-coordinate of the station can be determined by the equation:
a. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆
b. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆
c. (𝑁(1 − 𝑒^2) + ℎ)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
d. None of the above
a. (𝑁 + ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆
31
_________ — a branch of applied mathematics and earth sciences, is the scientific
discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its
gravitational field, in a __________-dimensional time-varying space.
a. Physical Geodesy, two
b. Physical Geodesy, three
c. Geodesy, two
d. Geodesy, three
d. Geodesy, three
32
The Earth has an equatorial bulge due to its rotation. That is, its diameter measured
across the equatorial plane is __________ km more than that measured between the
poles.
e. 52.72
f. 42.72
g. 32.72
h. 22.36
f. 42.72
33
The mean radius of the earth is equivalent to:
a. ((2𝑎+𝑏)/3)
b. (𝑎+2𝑏)/3)
c. 3^√(𝑎^2𝑏)
d. 3^√(𝑎𝑏^2)
a. ((2𝑎+𝑏)/3)
34
The radius of a perfect sphere with an equivalent surface area as that of an ellipsoid is
called:
a. Conformal radius
b. Authalic Radius
c. Aphylactic Radius
d. Equidistant Radius
b. Authalic Radius
35
The Earth’s Volumetric Radius is equivalent to:
a. ((2𝑎+𝑏)/3)
b. (𝑎+2𝑏)/3)
c. 3^√(𝑎^2𝑏)
d. 3^√(𝑎𝑏^2)
c. 3^√(𝑎^2𝑏)
36
Given the X, Y, and Z coordinates of a point, determine the equivalent longitude
a. ƛ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑋/𝑌)
b. ƛ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑍/𝑌)
c. ƛ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑋/𝑍)
d. ƛ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑌/𝑋)
d. ƛ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑌/𝑋)
37
The normal section from point A to point B is:
a. The intersection from a plane containing the normal at point B and passes through
point A
b. The intersection from a plane containing the normal at point A and passes through
point B
c. The intersection from a plane containing the normal between point A and point B
d. All the above
b. The intersection from a plane containing the normal at point A and passes through
point B
38
which of the following is/are true for normal sections
a. The more northerly the location of a point, the farther the south of the axis of
rotation intersected by the normal
b. If two points are on the same meridian, the normal sections will coincide
c. If two points are on the same parallel, the normal sections will coincide
d. All the above
d. All the above
39
Which of the following is/are true for normal sections?
a. Maximum separation of normal sections occur for lines having azimuths as odd
multiples of 45°.
b. Separation is zero if the points lie on the same meridian
c. Separation is zero if the points lie on the same parallel
d. All the above
d. All the above
40
Which of the following is/are true for normal sections?
a. Maximum separation of normal sections occur for lines having azimuths as odd
multiples of 45°.
b. Separation is zero if the points lie on the same meridian
c. Separation is zero if the points lie on the same parallel
d. All the above
d. All the above
41
Azimuth correction due to height is applied
a. if the surface is a sphere
b. when observed point is at a certain height above/below the surface of the ellipsoid
c. the observer is at a certain height above or below surface the ellipsoid
d. all the above
b. when observed point is at a certain height above/below the surface of the ellipsoid
42
If the azimuth of point B from point A is given, the back azimuth is the azimuth of point A
from point B. Because of the __________, the forward and backward azimuths of a line
do not differ by exactly 180°. (except when A and B are on the same meridian or at
latitude equal to 0°)
a. Location of the observer
b. Convergence of meridian
c. Instrument error
d. Random error
b. Convergence of meridian
43
The geodesic approximately __________ the angle between the counter (or reciprocal)
normal sections, lying __________ to the direct normal section at a given point.
a. trisects, farther
b. trisects, closer
c. bisects, farther
d. bisects, closer
b. trisects, closer
44
The product of the parallel radius time the sine of the geodesic azimuth at any point on
the geodesic is a constant.
p sin ⍺ = constant.
This equation is known as
a. Molodensky’s Equation
b. Helmertz’s Equation
c. Clairaut’s Equation
d. Cassini’s Equation
c. Clairaut’s Equation
45
Which of the following is/are true about geodesics
a. any meridian is a geodesic
b. the shortest distance between diametrically opposite on the equator points is along
the equator
c. Parallels are geodesic
d. All the above
a. any meridian is a geodesic
46
Given point 1 (ɸ1, ƛ1), azimuth1-2, distance12, determine point 2(ɸ2, ƛ2) and azimuth21.
This geodesic problem is commonly called:
a. geodetic direct
b. geodetic inverse
c. geodetic transverse
d. geodetic location
a. geodetic direct
47
Given point 1 (ɸ1, ƛ1) and point 2 ( ɸ2, ƛ2), required is the distance12, azimuth12, azimuth21.
This geodesic problem is commonly called:
a. geodetic direct
b. geodetic inverse
c. geodetic transverse
d. geodetic location
b. geodetic inverse
48
A __________ is a set of parameters and constants that defines a coordinate system,
including its origin and (where appropriate) its orientation and scale, in such a way as to
make these accessible for geodetic applications.
a. Horizontal datum
b. Vertical Datum
c. Geodetic Datum
d. Astronomic Datum
c. Geodetic Datum
49
. A __________ is a geodetic datum for horizontal geodetic control in which points are
mapped onto a specified ellipsoid.
a. Horizontal datum
b. Vertical Datum
c. Geodetic Datum
d. Astronomic Datum
a. Horizontal datum
50
A __________ is a geodetic datum for vertical geodetic control in which points are
mapped to the geopotential.
a. Horizontal datum
b. Vertical Datum
c. Geodetic Datum
d. Astronomic Datum
b. Vertical Datum
51
A horizontal geodetic datum is composed of the following:
I. latitude and longitude
II. orientation of an initial point of origin
III. ellipsoid that models the surface of the earth in the region of interest
IV. scale factor
V. geoid-ellipsoid separation
a. I, II
b. I, II
c. I,II, III, IV
d. I, II, III, IV, V
c. I,II, III, IV
52
The effect earth’s curvature (in meters) for height observations is equal to __________
where K is the horizontal distance in kilometers.
a. 0.0785K2
b. 0.0675K2
c. 0.0110K2
d. 0.0655K2
a. 0.0785K2
53
. The effect of refraction (in meters) for height observations is equal to __________ where
K is the horizontal distance in kilometers
a. 0.0785K2
b. 0.0675K2
c. 0.0110K2
d. 0.0655K2
c. 0.0110K2
54
The combined effect of earth’s curvature and the effect of refraction (in meters) for
height observations is equal to __________ where K is the horizontal distance in
kilometers
a. 0.0785K2
b. 0.0675K2
c. 0.0110K2
d. 0.0655K2
b. 0.0675K2
55
The equation for converting geodetic to grid azimuth is t = α – γ + δ where t is the grid
azimuth, α is the geodetic azimuth, γ is the convergence. The term δ is the
a. arc to chord correction
b. chord to arc correction
c. plane to spherical correction
d. spherical to plane conversion
a. arc to chord correction
56
A __________ is a set of prescriptions and conventions together with the modeling required
to define at any time a triad of coordinate axes.
a. Reference system
b. Reference frame
c. Geoid
d. Datum
a. Reference system
57
A __________ realizes the system by means of coordinates of definite points that are
accessible directly by occupation or by observation.
a. Reference system
b. Reference frame
c. Geoid
d. Datum
b. Reference frame
58
The sum of the __________ and the __________ acting on a body is called gravity.
a. gravitational force; centripetal force
b. gravitational force; centrifugal force
c. centripetal force; centrifugal force
d. centrifugal force; coriolis
b. gravitational force; centrifugal force
59
The unit of gravity, gal, is defined as
a. cm/s
b. m/s
c. cm/s^2
d. m/s^2
c. cm/s^2
60
Which of the following is/are true?
a. The gravitational force is stronger compared to the centrifugal force.
b. The gravitational force is weaker compared to the centrifugal force.
c. The gravitational force has almost the same magnitude to the centrifugal force
d. The direction of the gravitational force is toward the spin axis
a. The gravitational force is stronger compared to the centrifugal force.
61
Two distinctly different types of gravity measurements are: __________ and
__________.
a. absolute; differential
b. exact; relative
c. absolute; relative
d. exact; differential
c. absolute; relative
62
Gravity readings observed at each gravity station after corrections have been applied for
instrument drift and earth tides.
a. normal gravity
b. observed gravity
c. corrected gravity
d. potential gravity
b. observed gravity
63
An approximation of the true gravity on Earth's surface by means of a mathematical
model representing Earth.
a. normal gravity
b. observed gravity
c. corrected gravity
d. potential gravity
a. normal gravity
64
The free-air anomaly height correction for every meter ABOVE _________ is
__________ mgal
a. sea level, -0.3086
b. terrain, -0.3086
c. sea level, +0.3086
d. terrain, +.03086
c. sea level, +0.3086
65
The __________ is a first- order correction to account for the excess mass underlying
observation points located at elevations higher than the elevation datum (sea level or the
geoid). Conversely, it accounts for a mass deficiency at observation points located below
the elevation datum.
a. Mass correction
b. Terrain correction
c. Eötvös correction
d. Bouguer correction
d. Bouguer correction
66
The __________ is only needed when a survey is conducted on a mobile vehicle, where
the velocity of the vehicle must be taken into account. This motion produces a centrifugal
force that should be taken into account. The only need to this correction is when motion
is in an E-W traverse, with positive being in this respective direction.
a. Mass correction
b. Terrain correction
c. Eötvös correction
d. Bouguer correction
c. Eötvös correction
67
______ was a Hungarian physicist who is known for his invention of the torsion
pendulum used to measure the density of the underlying rock strata and the
__________ of gravity.
a. Loránd Eötvös, magnitude
b. Loránd Eötvös, direction
c. Pierre Bouguer, magnitude
d. Pierre Bouguer, direction
a. Loránd Eötvös, magnitude
68
. Which of the following accurately defines the Pendulum Law?
a. 𝑷 = 𝝅√(𝒍/𝒈)
b. 𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅√(𝒍/𝒈)
c. 𝑷 = 𝝅√(𝒍^𝟐/𝒈)
d. 𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅√𝒍^𝟐/𝒈)
b. 𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅√(𝒍/𝒈)
69
The equipotential surface to which at every point the plumb line is __________ is called
the geoid.
a. parallel
b. tangent
c. perpendicular
d. deflect
c. perpendicular
70
The __________ is the difference in direction between the direction of Earth's gravity
vector and some reference direction, such as the direction perpendicular to a given
reference ellipsoid or the direction of some reference gravity field (the normal gravity)
a. obliquity of the vertical
b. deflection of the vertical
c. angle of the vertical
d. perpendicularity
b. deflection of the vertical
71
_________ (30 July 1887 – 10 August 1966) was a Dutch geophysicist and geodesist.
He is known for his invention of a precise method for measuring gravity (gravimetry).
Thanks to his invention, it became possible to measure gravity at sea, which led him to
the discovery of gravity anomalies above the ocean floor. He later attributed these
anomalies to continental drift.
a. Pierre Bouguer
b. Loránd Eötvös
c. Felix Andries Vening Meinesz
d. Gunnar Nordström
c. Felix Andries Vening Meinesz
72
A geoid is the equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits, in a least
squares sense, __________ mean sea level.
a. global
b. regional
c. national
d. hemispherical
a. global
73
_______ are the differences between the observed acceleration of Earth's gravity
and the values predicted from some model of how the gravity would be predicted to
appear.
a. gravity correction
b. gravity difference
c. gravity anomaly
d. gravity attraction
c. gravity anomaly
74
Vertical deflection is deviation of actual plumbline from normal plumbline. Actual
plumbline is perpendicular to geoid while normal plumbline is perpendicular to ellipsoid.
In the flat area, the deviation value can be __________, while in mountainous area, the
deflection values are __________ and must be considered as systematic error.
a. large, ignored
b. ignored; large
c. ignored, ignored
d. small, large
b. ignored; large
75
Which of the following is/are true about the geoid?
a. The geoid coincides with that surface to which oceans would conform over the
entire earth if free to adjust to the combined effect of the earth’s mass attraction
and the centrifugal force of the earth’s rotation.
b. The geoid is the shape of an imaginary global ocean dictated by gravity in the
absence of tides and currents.
c. As a result of uneven distribution of the earth’s mass, the geoidal surface is
irregular and, since the ellipsoid is a regular surface, the two will not coincide.
d. All the above
d. All the above
76
If a gps receiver readout displays a height = +36.05 meters and the geoid undulation, N,
is equal to 25.73 meters, calculate the orthometric height, H, in meters. of the point.
a. 9.32 m
b. 12.32
c. 10.32
d. 11.32
c. 10.32
77
The _______ velocity of the point is dependent on the_________.
angular; Φ
78
Who developed theory of Pendulum Behavior?
Christiaan Huygens
79
Which qualities belong:
I. Normal
II. Cylindrical
III. Azimuthal
IV. Transversal
V. Conical
a. I, III & V
b. II, III, & V
c. II, III
d. I & V
b. II, III, & V
80
Displays all great circles as straight lines.
gnomonic
81
Which qualities belong:
I. Conformality
II. Equidistance
III. Aspect
IV. Azimuthality
V. Aphylactic
a. I, II, III, & IV
b. II, III, IV & V
c. I, III, IV, & V
d. I, II, IV, & V
82
In _______, a new national civil Grid introduced for the Luzon Datum of 1911, and it was changed to the Gauss-Kruger Transverse Mercator projection.
1962
83
An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines
RA 3046
84
_______ scattering occurs when particles are very small compared to the wavelength of the radiation.
Rayleigh
85
_______ remote sensing instruments operate with their own source of emission or light, while _______ ones rely on the reflected one.
active, passive
86
Which ideas belong:
I. Drone
II. LiDAR
III. Boat
IV. Helicopter
V. Car
I, II, IV, V
87
Which ideas belong:
I. Radarsat-2
II. ERS-2
III. ICESat-2
IV. KOMPSAT-5
V. Sentinel-1
I, II, IV, V
88
Kompsat 1; _______ while TecSAR; _______
South Korea, Israel
89
_______ resolution is the amount of information in each pixel, that is, the number of bits representing the energy recorded.
90
_______ coordinates do not consider the shape and curvature of the earth.
Plane
91
2.) Which of the following statements is false:
a. The geodetic latitude is the angle between the normal to the ellipsoid at a point and the equatorial plane.
b. The geocentric latitude is the angle at the center of the ellipsoid between the equatorial plane and the line from the center to a point on the ellipsoid.
c. The parametric/reduced latitude is the angle at the center... of the sphere that is tangent to the ellipsoid along the equator, between the equatorial plane and the radius to the point intersected along the sphere by a straight line
perpendicular to the plane of the radius and passing through the point on the ellipsoid.
d. None of the above.
c. The parametric/reduced latitude is the angle at the center... of the sphere that is tangent to the ellipsoid along the equator, between the equatorial plane and the radius to the point intersected along the sphere by a straight line
perpendicular to the plane of the radius and passing through the point on the ellipsoid.
92
Which of the following statements is true:
a. The Orthometric Height(H) is equal to the product of the Ellipsoidal Height(h) and the Geoid Height(N).
b. The Orthometric Height(H) is equal to the Ellipsoidal Height(h) minus the Geoid Height(N).
c. The Orthometric Height(H) is equal to the average of the Ellipsoidal Height(h) and the Geoid Height(N).
d. The Orthometric Height(H) is equal to the Ellipsoidal Height(h) plus the Geoid Height(N).
b. The Orthometric Height(H) is equal to the Ellipsoidal Height(h) minus the Geoid Height(N).
93
Considering the Space Rectangular coordinates, which is
true on a sphere?
a. X = (N + h)cosɸ, Y = (N +h)cosɸ
&Z= (N(1-e2)-h)sinɸ
b. X= (N+h)cosɸ, Y = (N + h)cosɸ &Z= (N(1-e2) + h)cosɸ
c. X = (N + h)cosɸ, Y = (N + h)cosɸ & Z= (N(1-e) + h)sinɸ
d. X = (N + h)cosɸ, Y = (N + h)cosɸ &Z= (N(1-e2 + h))sinɸ
c. X = (N + h)cosɸ, Y = (N + h)cosɸ & Z= (N(1-e) + h)sinɸ
94
_______ resolution signifies the sampling rate and bandwidth in which the sensor collects the information
resolution signifies the sampling rate and
about the scene. It refers to the width and number of spectral bands in the sensor system.
a. Spatial
b. Spectral
c. Spherical
d. Supervised
b. Spectral
95
_____ is the difference between true and measured
value.
a. adjustment
b. mistake
c. error
d. result
c. error
96
22.) Which ideas belong:
I. carelessness
II. precision
III. technique
IV. poor judgement
a. I, II, III
b. II, III, IV
C. I, III, IV
d. I, III, IV
C. I, III, IV
97
It is the point the earth is slowest.
a. aphelion
b. vaporeon
c. perihelion
d. Point of Aries
a. aphelion
98
In resection, if all point lie on the same _______, there is no unique solution.
a. plane
b. point
c. circle
d. graph
c. circle
99
A ______ map projection is a map projection which displays all great circles as straight lines.
a. strereographic
b. gnomonic
c. orthographic
d. photographic
b. gnomonic
100
A map is _______ scales are maintained.
a. azimuthal
b. equidistant
c. aphylactic
d. conformal
b. equidistant
101
A _______ is a set of transformations employed to
convert the 3D surface of the earth to a 2-D plane.
a. transformation
b. projection
c. conversion
d. computation
b. projection
102
________ (N) is a section passing through the given
point and perpendicular to the meridional section.
a. North Pole Section
b. Meridional Section
c. Prime Vertical Section
d. Major Section
c. Prime Vertical Section
103
________ is data having implicit association with a
location relative to Earth.
a. Geographic information
b. Geomorphology
c. Georeference
d. Graphical Information
a. Geographic information
104
ArcGIS, QGIS, grassgis and Global Mapper are identified a _________ components of GIS.
a. application
b. computer
c. program
d. software
d. software
105
This is also identified as field-based models.
a. vector
b. pixel
c. raw data
d. raster
d. raster
106
A shoreline is a blank _____ boundary.
a. discreet
b. meticulous
c. fuzzy
d. messy
c. fuzzy
107
The equivalent GIS function of the Boolean operation
AND:
a. UNION
b. INTERSECTION
C. CUT
d. ERASE
b. INTERSECTION
108
______ is the creation of a zone of interest.
a. intersecting
b. buffering
c. uniting
d. plotting
b. buffering
109
The Luzon Datum of 1911 is defined by its origin near:
a. San Marino Point, Marinduqe
b. San Andres Point, Marinduque
c. San Pablo, Mindoro
d. San Agustin, Mindoro
b. San Andres Point, Marinduque
110
_______ is the phenomenon of light, radio waves, etc.
being deflected in passing obliquely from one medium to another of varying density.
a. gravity
b. refraction
c. laser
d. waves
b. refraction
111
39.) Gravity varies with _________
a. length
b. longitude
c. weight
d. latitude
d. latitude
112
_________ scattering occurs when particles are very
small compared to the wavelength of the radiation.
Rayleigh scattering
113
_________ are used for observation & surveillance of
the atmosphere, observation and surveillance of the Earth's surface (land and sea), scatterometry, and altimetry.
a. Commercial Satellites
b. Electronic Satellites
c. Satellite Radars
d. International Radars
c. Satellite Radars
114
_________ scanners use the forward motion of the
platform to record successive scan lines and build up a two- dimensional image, perpendicular to the flight direction.
a. Polar
c. Star Path
b. Geo- Staionary
d. Push Broom
d. Push Broom
115
In determining the strength of a figure, Dis
a. the total number of directions observed
b. the number of directions observed both forward & backward
"C. the number of distances measured
d. NOTA
b. the number of directions observed both forward & backward
116
DPI is determined by.
the
the ground distance by
of the resolution and length of the line.
a. dividing, quotient
b. dividing, product
c. multiplying, quotient
d. multiplying, product
b. dividing, product
117
The is the angle opposite to the known and
common side of the first triangle and angle opposite to the common and required side of the second triangle.
a. common angle
b. deflection angle
c. distance angle
d. vertical angle
c. distance angle
118
________ is the plumb line connecting the center of the
earth to the Zenith. It is also perpendicular to the observer's
horizon.
a. Zenith
b. Vertical
c. Pole
d. Vertical
Vertical
119
Which of the following is false:
a. Vertical Circle- a great circle which passes through the zenith and the celestial body being observed.
b. Hour Circle- a great circle which passes through the
celestial body and the celestial poles.
c. Meridian- a great circle which passes through the celestial
body and the zenith.
d. NOTA
c. Meridian- a great circle which passes through the celestial
body and the zenith.
120
What is located exactly 180 degrees from the First Point of Aries?
a. Vernal Equinox
b. Autumnal Equinox
c. Vernal Peridox
d. Autumnal Peridox
b. Autumnal Equinox
121
What is the compliment of the altitude?
a. Latitude
b. Declination
c. Zenith Distance
d. Polar Distance
122
is the angular distance measured along the
hour circle from the celestial equator to the celestial body.
a. Right Ascension
b. Declination
c. Polar Distance
d. Altitude
123
52.) Which does not belong in the group?
i. declination
ii. Polar distance
iii. right ascension
iv. zenith distance
a. Right Ascension
b. Declination
c. Polar Distance
d. Altitude
124
is the angle measured clockwise from the upper branch of the meridian of observation to the meridian of the celestial body.
A. Greenwich Hour Angle c. Sidereal Hour Angle
b. Longitude
d. Local Hour Angle
125
Assuming latitude is above 0 degrees, which is always true at Upper Culmination South of Zenith?
a. declination is less than altitude
b. polar distance is less than altitude
c. polar distance is less than zenith distance
d. declination is greater than altitude
a. declination is less than altitude
126
Assuming latitude is above 0 degrees, which is always true at Upper Culmination North of Zenith?
a. zenith distance is less than polar distance
b. latitude is less than declination
c. polar distance is less than zenith distance d. declination is greater than altitude
b. latitude is less than declination
127
Assuming latitude is above 0 degrees, which is always true at Lower Culmination North of Zenith?
a. zenith distance is greater than declination b. latitude is less than declination
c. polar distance is less than latitude
d. declination is greater than altitude
d. declination is greater than altitude
128
_________ is a method of surveying in which the
lengths of the sides of a triangle are measured, usually by electronic means, and, from this information, angles are
computed.
a. Triangulation
b. Adjustments
c. Trilateration
d. Side Conditioning
c. Trilateration
129
In surveying, the use of angle measurements is referred
to as
a. triangulation
b. adjustments
c. triangulateration
d. side conditioning
a. triangulation
130
The sun moves along a great circle that is inclined to the equator by an angle of
a. 73-59
b. 89-52
c. 23-27
d. 45-58
c. 23-27
131
60.) The trace of the sinc's apparent annual journey around the celestial sphere is called the
a. right ascension
b. ecliptic
b. aries d. orbit
132
________ is the difference in direction of a celestial body
as seen from the surface of the earth.
a. refraction
b. parallax
c. lamination
d. shift
b. parallax
133
The explement of 45 degrees is,
a. 45 degrees
b. 315 degrees
c. 90 degrees
d. 165 degrees
b. 315 degrees
134
_______ is a series of horizontal distances and directions
are observed to connect points whose positions are to be
determined.
a. Differential Leveling
b. Line Survey
c. Traverse
d. Barometric Survey
motion pertains
c. Traverse
135
In observing celestial bodies, a ______ to the motion that is along the line of sight.
a. transverse
b. sudden
c. radial
d. round
c. radial
136
On a globe, the rhumb line is _______
a. an ellipsoid
b. an ellipsoidal
c. a sphere
d. a spiral
d. a spiral
137
Assuming latitude is above 0 degrees, which is always true at Upper Culmination South of Zenith-Below the Equator?
a. zenith distance is greater than declination
b. latitude is less than declination
c. polar distance is less than zenith distance
d. declination is greater than altitude
a. zenith distance is greater than declination
138
When constructing an ellipse, the length of the string is
equal to the
A. length of the minor axis
B. twice the length of the minor axis
C. length of the major axis
D. twice the length of the major axis
C. length of the major axis
139
The distance from one focus of the ellipse to the origin
is
A. semi-minor axis
B. semi-major axis
C. half-focal separation
D. first eccentricity
C. half-focal separation
140
The measure of how much the conic section deviates
from being circular is called
A. flattening
B. eccentricity
C. inverse flattening
D. compression ratio
B. eccentricity
141
The angular eccentricity α can be expressed as
A. sin α = e’
B. sin α = 1-f
C. cos α = e’
D. cos α = 1-f
D. cos α = 1-f
142
A shade between black and white.
A. Brown
B. Dark
C. Halftone
D. Greyish
C. Halftone
143
A half headed and half feathered arrow represents
A. Magnetic Bearing
B. True North
C. Azimuth
D. Zenith
A. Magnetic Bearing
144
A lune shaped map to be fitted on a globe.
A. Globe Segment
B. Globe Section
C. Globe Gore
D. Global Lune
C. Globe Gore
145
A representation of the earth’s surface in 3 dimensions.
It shows the same features as a planimetric map and in
addition indicates relief, usually by means of contours
which is its distinguishing characteristic.
A. Base Maps
B. Topographic Maps
C. Relief Maps
D. River Maps
B. Topographic Maps
146
The rise and fall of water surface due to the
gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon on the
earth.
A. Tide
B. Current
C. Wire Drag
D. Pull
A. Tide
147
An instant in which the tidal current is changing its
direction and flows neither in nor out.
A. Slack Water
B. Tie Line
C. Initial Point
D. Ebb Tide
A. Slack Water
148
A chart used for air navigation.
A. Navigational Chart
B. Ephemeris
C. Marina Chart
D. Aeronautical Chart
D. Aeronautical Chart
149
Color used as a surface tint to portray built-up urban
areas and the area coverage of large cities.
A. Red
B. Blue
C. Brown
D. Pink
D. Pink
150
A piece of weight usually solid metal used to fix the
sounding line in a vertical position.
A. Stay Line
B. Smooth Lead
C. Water Edge
D. Trilateration
B. Smooth Lead
151
Pinpoint or crosses on the four sides of the map by
which color separation drawings are adjusted to each
other.
A. Fiducial Marks
B. Neat Line
C. Register Marks
D. Coordinate Intercepts
C. Register Marks
152
The measure of the compression of a circle or sphere
along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid is the
A. flattening
B. eccentricity
C. inverse flattening
D. compression ratio
A. flattening
153
Which of the following statements is/are true?
a. The meridional radius of curvature and the prime
vertical radius are minimum at the equator
b. At the pole, M = a2/b
c. N ≥ M where the equality holds at the pole.
d. All statements are true
d. All statements are true
154
Which of the following statements is/are true?
a. At the equator, N is equal to the semi-major axis
length.
b. At the equator, M is equal to the semi-major axis
length.
c. At the pole, M is equal to the semi-minor axis
length.
d. All statements are true.
a. At the equator, N is equal to the semi-major axis
length.
155
This method of gravity measurement measures both
time and distance.
A. relative determination
B. absolute determination
C. combination technique
D. hybrid determination
B. absolute determination
156
A negative value of geoid undulation generally
means:
A. The geoid is above the ellipsoid
B. The geoid is below the ellipsoid
C. Will depend on the reference ellipsoid used.
D. Will depend on the orthometric height of the object.
B. The geoid is below the ellipsoid
157
During the 1960-1980 period, the basic framework of
the triangulation network of the Philippines was
maintained by the __________ with ________ accuracy level.
A. Bureau of Lands, first-order
B. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, first-order
C. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, second-order
D. Bureau of Lands, second-order
C. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, second-order
158
Triangulation baselines were measured accurately and
carefully using _______, an alloy which is highly resistant
to change in length caused by changes in __________.
A. invar, temperature
B. fiber glass, temperature
C. invar, humidity
D. fiber glass, humidity
A. invar, temperature
159
Which astronomical coordinates are constantly changing
and can be readily measured by a theodolite?
A. Right Ascension and Declination
B. Altitude and Azimuth
C. Hour Angle and Declination
D. Right Ascension and Hour Angle
B. Altitude and Azimuth
160
The angle between an observer’s zenith and the celestial
equator will always be equal to which of the following?
A. 90 degrees
B. The observer’s longitude
C. The observer’s latitude
D. Right Ascension
C. The observer’s latitude
161
What is the latitude of the place where the maximum
altitude of the sun above the horizon at any time of the
year is 23-26-30?
A. 45
B. 90 N
C. 23-26-30
D. Equator
B. 90 N
162
What is the declination of the star if that star passes
through your zenith where your latitude is 35N?
A. 35
B. 55
C. 90
D. All of the above
A. 35
163
Standing at 40 degrees north latitude, you observe the
sun rise precisely in the east. What is the declination of
the sun and what is the approximate date?
A. Declination 0; June 22 or December 22
B. Declination 23-26-30; June 22 or December 22
C. Declination 0; March 21 or September 23
D. Declination 23-26-30; March 21 or September 23
C. Declination 0; March 21 or September 23
164
Concerning the PZS Triangle, colatitudes is to latitude as
Polar Distance is to which of the following?
A. Declination
B. Altitude
C. Hour Angle
D. Zenith Distance
A. Declination
165
Which of the following correctly identifies the points of
intersection of the three great circles that form the
spherical triangle called the PZS triangle?
A. P: Parallactic Z: Zone S: South
B. P: Pole Z: Zero S: Station
C. P: Prime Meridian Z: Zenith S: Sirius
D. P: Pole Z: Zenith S: Star
D. P: Pole Z: Zenith S: Star
166
Which element of the PZS triangle is the least used in
astronomy?
A. The zenith angle
B. The hour angle
C. The parallactic angle
D. The colatitudes
C. The parallactic angle
167
When a star is at upper transit on the observer’s meridian,
which statement concerning its PZS triangle is correct?
A. The hour angle is 90 degrees
B. The hour circle is coincident with the celestial
equator
C. The codeclinations is zero
D. It is coincident with the observer’s meridian and is
a straight line
D. It is coincident with the observer’s meridian and is
a straight line
168
When the unknown point lies on the circle formed by
three known points (cyclic quadrilateral), there is:
A. no solution
B. three solutions
C. no unique solution
D. None of the above
C. no unique solution
169
Throughout the course of the year, the sun moves in a
path called the
A. Hour Circle
B. Elliptic
C. Ecliptic
D. Obliquity of the Ecliptic
C. Ecliptic
170
Which of the following describe vernal equinox?
A. The sun rises precisely in the east
B. The declination of the sun is maximum
C. Right ascension of 90 degrees
D. All of the above
A. The sun rises precisely in the east
171
Which of the following describe the Mean Sun?
A. It moves at a constant rate along the ecliptic
B. The Right Ascension flows uniformly
C. It is always ahead of the true sun
D. All of the above
B. The Right Ascension flows uniformly
172
The difference between the hour angle of the true and
the mean sun is called
A. Local Apparent Time
B. Obliquity of the Ecliptic
C. Equation of Time
D. Equation of Sun
C. Equation of Time
173
The local mean time is
A. Hour angle of the true sun – 12 hours
B. Hour angle of the true sun + 12 hours
C. Hour angle of the mean sun – 12 hours
D. Hour angle of the mean sun + 12 hours
D. Hour angle of the mean sun + 12 hours
174
The equation of time is equal to
A. Local Apparent Time – Local Mean Time
B. Local Mean Time – Local Apparent Time
C. Local Apparent Time – Local Mean Time + 12 hours
D. Local Mean Time – Local Apparent Time + 12 hours
A. Local Apparent Time – Local Mean Time
175
The sun moves at a faster pace
A. at aphelion
B. at perihelion
C. at equinoxes
D. at solstices
B. at perihelion
176
Sidereal time is
A. equal to solar time
B. shorter than the solar time
C. longer than the solar time
D. varies throughout the course of the year
B. shorter than the solar time
177
Sidereal year is equal to
A. 364.25 solar days
B. 365.25 solar days
C. 366.25 solar days
D. 367.25 solar days
C. 366.25 solar days
178
Which of the following statement(s) is/are false
A. Standard Time is referred from the standard
meridian
B. Local Time is referred from the local meridian
C. Universal Time is referred from the Greenwich
Meridian
D. none of the above
D. none of the above
179
In triangulation network, local adjustment is also referred to as:
A. side condition adjustment
B. angle condition adjustment
C. figure adjustment
D. station adjustment
D. station adjustment
180
It is a method in which a point with unknown coordinates is occupied and
angles are obtained to at least 3 known points to get the position of the
occupied station.
A. resection
B. eccentric stations
C. intersection
D. triangulation
A. resection
181
It is a method in which points with known coordinates are occupied to get
the position of an unknown point.
A. resection
B. eccentric stations
C. intersection
D. triangulation
C. intersection
182
The GNSS receiver height of instrument is the distance from the _________
to the survey _________.
A. antenna top, tripod foot
B. antenna phase center, tripod point
C. antenna phase center, control point
D. antenna top, control point
C. antenna phase center, control point
183
WAAS is a system of satellite and _____ based stations that provide GPS
signal _____ to achieve highly accurate measurements.
A. space; booster
B. ground; correction
C. ground; booster
D. space; correction
B. ground; correction
183
What would be the time discrepancy of a GPS signal when it has a distance
error of 2 m?
A. 0.6 nanoseconds
B. 0.7 nanoseconds
C. 6 nanoseconds
D. 7 nanoseconds
C. 6 nanoseconds
184
Multipath error results when a reflected GNSS signal reaches the receiver
via two or more different paths wherein the reflected paths are ___________
and cause incorrect ________.
A. longer, pseudo-ranges
B. shorter, wavelengths
C. longer, wavelengths
D. shorter, pseudo-ranges
A. longer, pseudo-ranges
185
A French geodetic technique in which transmitters on the ground
communicate with receivers on satellites to provide precise orbit
determination required by ocean altimeter satellites.
A. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
B. Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)
C. Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR)
D. Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite
(DORIS)
D. Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite
(DORIS)
186
Which of the following values is never exceeded by the equation of time?
A. 00 hr 01 min
B. 00 hr 16.5 min
C. 00 hr 7.25 min
D. 00 hr 10.5 min
B. 00 hr 16.5 min
187
When a satellite follows a non-circular orbit around the earth, the satellite's path is an ellipse with the center of the earth at one focus. Such a satellite has variable altitude and variable orbital speed. The
point of lowest altitude is called _______
A. apogee
B. perigee
C. apolune
D. perilune
B. perigee
188
The zero-point for __________ is the vernal equinox.
A. left ascencion
B. declination
C. altitude
D. right ascension
D. right ascension
189
________ gravity anomaly refers to the small regional variations in the
Earth's gravity field resulting from density variations in underlying
rocks.
A. Free-air
B. Helmert
C. Bouguer
D. Stokes
C. Bouguer
190
When the geoid and ellipsoid coincide at a datum origin, the deflection of
the __________ and the separation between the ellipsoid and geoid become
__________ at the origin.
A. vertical, positive
B. vertical, zero
C. horizontal, zero
D. horizontal, positive
B. vertical, zero
191
The angle between the equatorial plane and the line joining a point on the
ellipsoid to the center of the ellipsoid is called __________ latitude.
A. geocentric
B. astronomic
C. authalic
D. geodetic
A. geocentric
192
Star closest to the South Celestial Pole.
A. Octantis
B. Chamaeleon
C. Polaris
D. Hydrus
A. Octantis
193
GNSS occupation time during observation sessions depends on which factors?
I. Type of GNSS receiver
II. Separation distance between receivers
III. Ionospheric activity
IV. Number of satellites and their geometry
A. II, III, and IV
B. I, II, III, and IV
C. I, III, and IV
D. I, II, and IV
C. I, III, and IV
194
Real-time kinematic GPS surveys require _________ of observation through
independent __________ of stations to detect blunders and for network
adjustment.
A. redundancy, re-selection
B. reduction, re-occupation
C. reduction, re-selection
D. redundancy, re-occupation
D. redundancy, re-occupation
195
_______ is defined as a discontinuity or jump in the GPS __________ measurements caused by temporary signal loss.
A. Ambiguity, carrier-phase
B. Cycle slip, carrier-phase
C. Ambiguity, pseudorange
D. Cycle slip, pseudorange
B. Cycle slip, carrier-phase
196
In WGS84 ellipsoid, the geodetic and geocentric latitudes are equal at
A. 45 degrees north
B. Equator
C. poles
D. both B and C
D. both B and C
197
The local apparent time is equal to
A. hour angle of the apparent sun
B. hour angle of the mean sun
C. hour angle of the apparent sun + 12h
D. hour angle of the mean sun
C. hour angle of the apparent sun + 12h
198
The local civil time at 120 degrees west is equal to:
A. the standard time of the zone
B. Universal time + 8 hours
C. local apparent time – Laplace correction
D. all of the above
A. the standard time of the zone
199
The time interval between two consecutive upper meridian passages of the
vernal equinox is
A. solar day
B. sidereal day
C. Greenwich meridian
D. Universal time
B. sidereal day
200
Polaris was sighted on its lower culmination. The latitude of the station
can be computed by
A. altitude of the star + declination
B. altitude of the star + NPD
C. altitude of the star – declination
B. altitude of the star – NPD
B. altitude of the star + NPD
201
The right ascension + hour angle of the star is equal to
A. sidereal time at the observer’s position
B. apparent time at the observer’s position
C. true time at the observer’s position
D. Standard time of the Zone
A. sidereal time at the observer’s position
202
The first attempt at a precise determination of the size of the earth is
ascribed to __________ of Egypt. The developments in Egypt were a natural
follow up to the developments made in surveying for the purpose of property
location
A. Homer
B. Aristotle
C. Pythagoras
D. Eratosthenes
D. Eratosthenes
203
The angle between the normal and the gravity line or the spheroid is known
as
A. Deflection of the vertical
B. Angular deflection of the latitude
C. Angular convergence correction
C. Grid azimuth correction
A. Deflection of the vertical
204
The resultant of the force of Earth’s attraction due to gravitation and
the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the Earth.
A. gravity
B. centripetal force
C. oscillation
D. escape velocity
A. gravity
205
Plane of reference where all other elevation are referred to.
A. Mean Sea Level
B. Datum
C. Tide Line
D. Level Surface
B. Datum
206
Which of the following is not true about gravity?
A. Greater in the pole than in the equator
B. Gravity is the approximately constant along a meridian
C. Gravity can be determined by absolute and relative methods
D. Gravity varies with height
B. Gravity is the approximately constant along a meridian
207
The line of intersection between a plane containing the vertical line and
the celestial sphere is a _____________ circle.
A. horizontal
B. small
C. vertical
D. big
C. vertical
208
At what altitude does the Global Positioning System (GPS) operate?
A. Low Earth Orbit
B. Medium Earth Orbit
C. Geo-stationary Orbit
D. Sun-synchronous Polar Orbit
B. Medium Earth Orbit
209
71. GPS observation requires a minimum of __________ satellites to determine
receiver position.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
B. 4
210
Unlike conventional real-time kinematic surverys which use __________
base station (s), real-time network RTK GPS surveys use several __________
mounted continuously operating reference stations (CORS).
A. a single, temporarily
B. a single, permanently
C. multiple, temporarily
D. multiple, permanently
B. a single, permanently
211
In global navigation satellite systems, a table of values giving the
positions of satellites in orbit as a function of __________ is known as
the ephemeris.
A. altitude
B. revolution
C. time
D. application
C. time
212
_________ is a geodetic technique in which a signal is transmitted from
a ground-based station, reflects off retro-reflectors on satellites, and
is received back at the station.
A. Lunar Laser Ranging
B. Doppler Orbitography
C. Very Long Baseline Interferometry
D. Satellite Laser Ranging
D. Satellite Laser Ranging
213
It refers to the positions of the GPS satellites relative to each other
from the view of the receiver.
A. satellite constellation
B. satellite orbital
C. satellite geometry
D. satellite position
C. satellite geometry
214
