Geography Final Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
Ethnicity
A
Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or cultural hearth
2
Q
Largest minority ethnic groups in the US
A
- Hispanics
- African Americans
- Asian Americans
3
Q
Regional Concentration - Hispanics
A
- Southwest US
Over 1/2 in four states: AZ, CA, NM, and TX
Most in CA 1/3 - Florida and NY
1/6
4
Q
Source Areas of Hispanics in US
A
- Most from Mexico
- Carribbean
Puerto Rico
Cuba
5
Q
Regional Scale - African Americans
A
- Southeast concentration
- 1/4 in many southern states
- More than 1/3 in Mississippi
- Low in New England and Great Plains
6
Q
Regional Concentration - Asian Americans
A
- From
China, Phillipines, India, Vietnam, and Korea - Settled where
Hawaii
Major cities in the West
Most in California
7
Q
City Concentration
A
- Overall
Americans - 1/4
African Americans - 1/2 - Michigan
State: 7% African Americans
Detroit: 85% - Illinois
Chicago has 1/2 the states Hispanic population
8
Q
Neighborhood Concentration
A
- Early 20th century
Industrial cities attracted ethnic groups from Eastern and Southern Europe
Most in Detroit
Clustered in neighborhoods - Today
Neighborhoods have less Caucasians and more ethnic
9
Q
White Flight
A
- Elimination of segregation laws
- Detroits white population dropped by 1 million
- Less whites in neighborhoods
10
Q
African American Migration
A
Three Stages
- Africa to Western Hemisphere
Goree Island - Senegal
18th century
- From US South to North
Great Migration
20th Century
- Inner-city to urban neighborhoods
11
Q
End of the Slave Era
A
- 13th Amendment made slavery illegal 1865
- Separate but equal laws
Louisana streetcar law
Jim Crow laws (segregation)
12
Q
Migration to the North
A
- Great Migration of the earth 20th century
- Boom periods around the World Wars
- Migration to escape segregation in southern communities
13
Q
African American Communities
A
- Clustered in small neighborhoods in northern cities
- Ghettos
High densities
Poor conditions - Harlem - NYC
14
Q
Ethnic Cleansing
A
- More powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
15
Q
Genocide
A
Mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group out of existence
16
Q
Ethnic conflicts
A
- Ethnic cleansing
- Genocide
- Ex
Holocaust
Kosovo - Slobodan Milosevic (Late 1990s)
17
Q
International Wars
A
- WWI 1914-1919
- WWII 1939-1945
- Korea 1950-1953
- Vietnam 1959-1975
- Iraq 1991
18
Q
Cold War
A
Post WWII until the late 1980s
19
Q
Political states
A
Characteristics of a state (country)
- Organized political unit/established government
- Occupies a defined territory
- has sovereignty - independence
20
Q
United Nations
A
- Founded in 1945 with 51 countries
- Today
193 nations
Big growth in 1950s - South Sudan was last admitted in 2011
21
Q
What is not in the UN
A
- Vatican City
- Kosovo
- Taiwan
22
Q
Size of States
A
- Largest is Russia 6.6 million sq mi
- Other large states with more than 2 million sq mi
China, Canada, US, Brazil, Australia - Microstates
Smallest is Monaco
Vatican City is smallest nation
23
Q
Korea Conflict
A
- Two zones divided by US and Soviets after WWII
38th parallel - Permanent in 1940s
- Admitted as separate countries to UN in 1992
24
Q
European Colonialism
A
- Spread Christianity
- Natural Resources
- Power
Political, Economic, and Cultural reasons to dominate
God, Gold, and Glory
25
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to another sovereign state
Not independent
26
Colonialism
- Began in 1400s
- Europeans to the West
US - Independence in 1776
Latin America - Independence 1800-1824
Africa - 1884 Berlin Conference
- UK had the largest empire
27
Colonialism Today
- Most remaining colonies gained independence after WWII
- Today 17 colonies remain
Pacific Islands
Caribbean Islands
Western Sahara - only non island
US Colonies
- Puerto Rice, US Virgin Islands
- American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands
28
Shapes of States
Compact
Prorupted
Perforated
Elongated
Fragmented
29
Compact shape
Small, typically with a capital city at the center
30
Prorupted shape
- States with a large projecting extension
DR Congo
- Access to resources
31
Perforated shape
South Africa and Lesotho
32
Elongated shape
- Long, narrow shape
Chile and Italy
- Problem with isolation
33
Fragmented shape
- Separated by:
Water - Indonesia with over 13,000 islands
Another state
- US and Canada
- Russia and Kaliningrad
34
Boundary
Thin, invisible line that separates geographic regions
35
Cultural Boundaries
- Religious
British India
Northern Ireland
36
Language Boundaries
- Europe
Treaty of Versailles
Eastern Europe
37
Physical Boundaries
Natural features
- Mountains
Argentina/Chile
- Water
Rivers and Lakes are common
Usually in the middle of the water
38
Internal Boundaries: Electoral College
- Presidental elections are decided by the electoral college
- Population dependent
California most electoral votes
- Can win more votes, but lose the election
2000 and 2016 election
39
Economic Integration
- Benelux Agreement
- European Coal and Sttel Community (ECSC)
Oirginal Six Nations: France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
- European Economic Community
CAP - Common Agricultural Policy
40
European Community
1965 - Added a political union
- Chnaged name to European Community (EC)
- Expanded membership
UK, Denmark, Ireland
Norway rejects membership
1980s Expansion
- Added Greece, Portugal, and Spain
41
European Union
1991-1993
- Changed name to European Union (EU)
- Treaty Maastricht
- Commitment to a common currency (Euro)
- Schengen Agreement
1995
- Added Austria, Finland, and Sweden
42
Growth of European Union
- May 2004 added a lot of Eastern Europe
- 2007 added Bulgaria and Romania
- 2013 added Croatia
- Today have a total of 27 countries
UK Brexit vote to leave EU 2016
Left in 2020
43
Countries not in the EU
Candidate Countries
- Albania, Turkey
- Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bosnia
- Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia
No plans to enter
- Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein
- Belarus, Russia
44
Major EU Cities
- Brussels, Belgium
EU Capital
- Strasbourg France
EU Parliament
- Frankfurt, Germany
European Central Bank
45
European Monetary Union
1999
- 11 of 15 EU nations joined the EMU
- UK, Denmark, Sweden, Greece
- Converted to common currency (Euro)
- Replaced old currency by 2002
46
Euro Zone - Monetary Union
- All new members must work towards joining
- Legal opt out for 15 countries in the EU when the Euro went into circulation
- 20 nations - Eurozone
47
Dominant Economies
- Traditionally the UK
Pre-World Wars
Early Agricultural and Industrial Dominance
Industrial Revolution
- 20th Century
US and Soviet Union
Growth of Japan and Germany - Post WWII
Emerging Powers
- China
- India
48
Geography of Development
- Can divide the world into Economic Regions
- Classified in their level of Development
MDC vs LDC
- Differences due to
Economic factors
Social factors
Demographic factors
49
Geographic Divide
- 30 Degrees Latitue
- Anglo-America the most Developed Region
- Sub-Saharan Africa the least developed region
50
Human Development Index
- Created by UN
- Three factors
Economic - Gross National Income per capita
Education - Mean years of school and expected years of school
Demographic - Life Expectancy
- Highest possible score is 1
51
Highest Ranking in Human Development Index
- Switzerland
- Norway
- Iceland
- Denmark
- Sweden
- Germany and Ireland
US is 20th
China 75th
India 134th
52
World Human Development Index
- World is .739
- Very high countries: .902
- High: .764
- Medium: .64
- Low: .517
53
Lowest Human Development Index
- Usually in sub-Saharan Africa
16 of the lowest 20
- Somalia
One of the most improved regions
54
Types of Jobs
- Primary Sector
- Secondary Sector
- Tertiary Sector
55
Primary Sector
- Extraction of Resources
- Agriculture, mining, forestry, hunting/fishing
56
Secondary Sector
- Transformation of Resources into something more useful
- Manufactoring
57
Tertiary Sector
- Service Industry
Fastest growing sector
- Retail, tourism
