geography paper 2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
what is urbanisation
the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas
what are some push and pull factors for urbanisation
push:
-natural disasters damaging property and farmland, costly. - rural areas find it harder to recover as they tend to have fewer resources
- mechanised agricultural equipment needs fewer workers so there are less jobs
- desertification makes land unproductive so people cant support themselves.
pull factors:
- more jobs in urban areas that are better paid
- better access to healthcare and educational opportunities
- other family members may have already moved to an urban area
-people think they will have a better quality of life.
how can urban areas become more sustainable
water conservation schemes:
- collecting rainwater for use on gardens or flushing toilets
- installing toilets that flush less water
- installing water meters so that people have to pay for the water they use
- encouraging people to use less water - turning off taps when not in use.
energy conservation schemes:
- promoting renewable energy - wind or solar over coal and gas
- encouraging people to make their homes more energy efficient - governments allowing homeowners to sell excess energy to the national grid
- making sure all homes meet the minimum energy efficency requirements
- encouraging people to reduce car use by using public transport
what is GNI
Measure of development
Gross National Income: the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas
what is GNI per head
the GNI divided by the population of a country - sometimes called GNI per capita
what is birth rate
the number of live births per thousand of the population per year
what is death rate
the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
what is HDI
human development index- combines different measures.
calculated using GNI per head, life expectancy and education level. every country has a HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed). combination of factors tells us the countrys level of economic development and quality of life.
what is the demographic transition model
shows how birth and death rates affect population growth
describe the stages of the demographic transition model
1: least developed. birth rate is high due to no access to contraception, people also have lots of children because infant mortality rates are high, death rate is also high due to poor healthcare or famine, and life expectancy is low
2: not very developed: LICs : birth rate is high, the economy is based on agriculture, so people have lots of children to work on farms, better healthcare increases life expectancy so death rates fall.
3: more developed: most NEEs: birth rate falls rapidly as the use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children, the economy changes from farming to manufacturing, so fewer children are needed to work on farms. improved healthcare means the death rate falls and life expectancy increases.
4 and 5: most developed - HICS: birth rates are low- people expect a high standard of living, and may have dependant elderly relatives so less money available for a child, healthcare is good so the death rates are low and life expectancy is high
what are the factors of uneven development
physical factors:
- poor climate: not much produce will grow, malnourished, low quality of life, fewer crops to sell
- few raw materials: coal,oil, metal ores, fewer products to export to other countries, this means they tend to make less money, so cant spend as much on development projects
- lots of natural disasters: spends lots of money rebuilding after a natural disaster, reduces quality of life.
economic factors:
- poor trade links: only trades a small amount with a few countries, wont make lots of money so less to spend on development
- lots of debt: very poor countries borrow money from other countries to help cope, this money has to be paid back so less money for development
historical factors:
- colonisation: removing of raw materials and best workers so once gaining independence are at a lower development level
- conflict: war can slow or reduce development as money is spent on arms and training soldiers, people are killed and infrastructure is damaged
what are ways to reduce the development gap
investment: foreign direct investment: is when countries invest in anothers land of infrastructure, leading to a better access to finance, technology and expertise.
aid: money or resources are given to a country by a charity or foreign government, this money can be used for development projects
fairtrade: farmers in LICS getting a fair price for the goods they produce allowing them to provide for their families. farmers recieve a premium to help develop their local area.
intermediate technology: tools, machines, systems which improve quality of life but are also simple to use, affordable to buy and cheap to maintain.
micro-finance loans : small loans are given to people in LICS who may not be able to get loans from a bank, so they can become financially independent.
what is a science park
a planned area where businesses focused on science and technology are clustered.
on the outskirts of cities near to housing and good transport links- motorways and airports
near universities so that research businesses in science parks can work with university researchers
what are the sectors of economic activity
primary: extracting of raw materials from the earth: farming, fishing, mining
secondary: manufacturing these raw materials into finished products
tertiary: providing services : retail, healthcare, education
quaternary: knowledge based activities: scientific research
what are the three main causes for economic change in the UK
Deindustrialisation: the UKs industrial base declined as increased use of machines means less jobs in the manufacturing industries.
Globalisation: lots of manufacturing has moved overseas where labor costs are lower. some TNCs have moved some of their tertiary and quaternary operations to the UK. - Apple employs nearly 6500 people in the UK. Trade is increasingly important part of the UKs GDP.
Government policies: government decisions on investment and support for businesses affect the economy. in the 1980s, several key manufacturing industries that had been owned and run by the government were privatised, leading to major job losses but increased efficency. since the 1980s the government has carried out lots of deregulation encouraging entrepreneurs and investors to move to the UK. this has helped attract tertiary and quaternary industires.
describe the UKs transport network
due to congestion, economic development is slowed, so the UK is improving this by:
roads: in 2022 the government announced four new schemes to improve transport networks and congestion- 160 million.
railways: crossrail will increase central londons capacity by 10 percent when it opens fully. the proposed HS2 line linking birmingham, leeds, manchester and london would increase capacity and allow faster journeys between major UK cities.
airports: the UK government has agreed a new runway is needed in the south east. a third runway at heathrow airport which would allow an extra 700 planes a day. however this would increase noise, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
what is the evidence for the north south divide in the UK
-wages are lower in the north than the south- the 2014 average weekly wage in huddersfield was 40 percent lower than in london
- health is generally worse in the north than in the south, life expectancy for male babies in glasgow in 2012 was 72.6 years, compared to east dorset where it was 82.9 years.
-education: GCSE results are generally better in the south of england than they are in the midlands or the north
how is the UK government aiming to reduce the north south divide
- creating enterprise zones: around 50 enterprise zones have been created across england, scotland and wales. companies get a range of tax benefits for locating in enterprise zones including reduced taxes, financial benefits and improved infrastructure. these measures encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs and income which could help to reduce the north south divide.
- northern powerhouse: governments plan to reduce the inequality between the north and spith by attracting investment into the north and improving transport links between northern cities. this plan also works to extend the coverage of superfast broadband and spending 70 million on improving schools.
describe how food production in the UK has changed
before the 1960s, most of the fruit and vegetables in the UK were locally produced and seasonal. now there are a range of products such as :
- high value foods: as peoples incomes have increased, exotic fruits, vegetables, spices have become more popular, these are grown in LICs and then exported to HICs
- seasonal produce: only available during the months that it grows, these are imported to meet the demand for seasonal produce all year round.
- organic produce: people are more concerned about the environmental impacts of food production and how chemicals can affetc their health, as organic food production is strictly regulated: no artifical fertilisers used, demand is growing.
what are food miles
the distance food is transported to the market
what are some factors of water insecurity
physical factors:
-climate: most places rely on rainfall from lakes and rivers for their water supply, in hotter climates this water evaporates from these stores. climate change is also impacting water as it increases risk of droughts
-geology: when rain falls on impermeable rock, it runs off into rivers and lakes, but when rain falls on permeable rock, it infiltrates the rock and can form underground water stores which are harder to extract water from.
economic and social factors:
-over abstraction: when more water from natural sources is used than replaced
-polluted water sources: animal waste can become hazardous
-poverty
what are ways to increase water supply
- water transfers: water transfer schemes are large scale engineering projects which move water from an area of water surplus to an area of water deficit. water is usually transferred in canals and pipes, reducing water insecurity in the recieving area, but can cause environmental, social and economic problems.
-water diversion: a dam is built to raise a rivers water level and redirect water to a certain location.
-desalination: removing the salt from seawater so it can be used. seawater is either heated until it evaporates, leaving the salt behind, or passed through a membrane that removes salt. wealthy desert countries often use desalination however it is expensive because energy is needed to either heat the water or force it through the membrane.
