Geology Final Exam Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
The _____ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth’s interior.
A
outer core
2
Q
What is the source of the energy that powers the Earth’s system?
A
The Sun & heat from the Earth’s interior
3
Q
The asthenosphere is actually a part of the Earth’s_____.
A
mantle
4
Q
Much of the original free oxygen in the atmosphere combined with iron dissolved in water to become iron oxide. True or False
A
True
5
Q
Earth’s primitive atmosphere evolved from gases ________________
A
expelled from within
6
Q
A ______ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves the system.
A
closed
7
Q
Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth’s lithospheric plates?
A
Export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphere.
8
Q
Bowen’s reaction series predics the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas. True or False
A
False
9
Q
Assimilation involves _________________
A
incorporation of the surrounding host rock into magma
10
Q
Crystal settling involves
A
crystals sinking to the bottom of a magma chamber.
11
Q
Olivine and quartz are commonly found together in the same igneous rock. True or False
A
False
12
Q
Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
A
Feldspar
13
Q
Pegmatites are composed of unusually tiny crystals. They are generally rich in diamonds. True or False
A
False
14
Q
The west coast of South America is a ________ plate boundary?
A
Convergent
15
Q
New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at
A
divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma.
16
Q
Mount St. Helens and the other Cascade volcanoes are…….
A
young, active stratovolcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere.
17
Q
Which of the following statements apply to the asthensophere, but not the lithosphere?
A
Zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage.
18
Q
Deep ocean trenches are surficial evidence for…
A
sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone.
19
Q
The modern-day Red Sea is explained by plate tectonics theory because it is a _______.
A
Rift Zone
20
Q
The _____ _____ is a logical evolutionary analog of the African Rift Valleys ten million years from now.
A
Red Sea
21
Q
Why is there no sea floor from over 180 million years?
A
Subduction
22
Q
Where is the youngest sea floor?
A
Mid Ocean Ridge
23
Q
_________ refers to the tendency of foundation material to lose its internal cohesion and fail mechanically during earthquake shaking.
A
Liquefaction
24
Q
The Mercalli Scale is a scale from _____ to _____
A
I to XII
25
When an earthquake occurs energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also called ______
Focus
26
Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5?
30 times
27
Earthquakes near Memphis happen along a plate boundary.
False
28
The lithosphere is defined as ________
a ridgid layer of crustal and mantle material.
29
The mantle is composed mainly of metallic iron with small amounts of magnesium silicate minerals.
True
30
Continental crust is generally thicker than oceanic crust.
True
31
The asthenosphere is located in the ______ _______.
Upper Mantle
32
Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statements is true?
Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart
33
Feldspars commonly decompose during weathering to clay materials, silica, and soluble constituents.
True
34
Sheeting is mainly a process of mechanical weathering.
True
35
According to most scientists, the universe was “born” more than __ ______ years ago.
13 billion
36
Igneous rocks solidify from ______ rock
Molten
37
The Marianas Trench - the deepest place in the ocean - is located at a _________ plate boundary.
convergent
38
As volcanic hazards go, “perhaps the greatest threat to life are _______ _______”.
pyroclastic flows
39
While attempting to service a GPS site in ______ _______ (UT), Dr. Abolins succeeded in getting a snowmobile stuck in the snow.
Wasatch Range
40
Since the 1811-1812 earthquakes, there have been no earthquakes with a magnitude of 6 or greater in the New Madrid Seismic Zone.
False
41
About fifteen years ago, the Richter scale replaced the Earthquake magnitude scale for most purposes. Today, the USGS commonly uses the Richter scale to communicate the “strength” or “size” of an earthquake to the public.
False
42
The slowest seismic wave is the _____ wave.
surface
43
Bangladesh is far from any tectonic plate boundaries, but earthquakes happen there anyways.
False
44
If you wanted to collect andesite samples, you would visit a ________ ______.
composite cone
45
The law of superposition states that younger features cut across older features.
False.
46
____ author of the first geology textbook.
Lyell
47
______ theory of plate tectonics
Wilson
48
The Paleozoic Era began ___ ______ years ago.
542 million
49
Oxidation involves the dissolution of certain minerals by slightly acidic water.
False
50
Landslides happen in some hilly areas of Middle Tennessee in part because of relatively minor quantities of ____.
shale
51
_____ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.
Capacity
52
Which one of the following could not have significantly affected climactic variations and advances and retreats of ice sheets during the Pleistocene epoch?
Movements of Earth’s tectonic plates
53
A ______ _______ is an irregular, usually thin layer laid down by a retreating glacier.
ground moraine
54
A ____ is an intermittent stream channel in the dry land areas of western United States.
wash
55
Desert pavement is the result of _____.
reflation
56
Inselbergs are ________________________.
bedrock hills in a highly eroded desert landscape
57
At the end of Chapter 13 under the heading “Energy Resources”, Tarbuck and Lutgens briefly describe oil, natural gas, and ___ ______, as seafloor resources.
gas hydrates
58
At the end of Chapter 13 under the heading “Other Resources”, Tarbuck and Lutgens briefly describe sand, gravel, evaporative salts, and ____________ _______, as sea floor resources.
manganese nodules
59
Waves begin to “feel bottom” when the depth of the water is equal to ________________
one-half the wavelength
60
The movement of water within the surf zone that parallels the shore is termed the _______ _______.
longshore current
61
Where did Dr. Abolins study glaciers while he was an undergraduate? What are some of the (glacial) things he saw there?
Alaska
62
What is a glacier?
A thick mass of ice that forms over land from the compaction and recystallization of snow and shows evidence of past or present flow
63
Distinguish between valley and alpine glaciers, on one hand, and ice sheets or continental glaciers, on the other.
Valley/Alpine form in mountains
| Ice Sheets/Continental Glaciers are large in scale.
64
What is the zone of accumulation and what is the zone of wastage? How are they involved in the advance or retreat of a glacier?
Zone of Accumulation is the area where a glacier forms. Zone of Wastage is the area where there is a net loss due to melting.
65
What is a glacial trough?
U Shaped
66
What is a cirque?
At the head of the landform
67
What is arete?
Sharp ridge lines between valleys
68
What is a horn?
Rugged
69
What is a glacial drift?
All sediments of glacial orgin
70
What is a till?
Material that is deposited by ice. Unsorted
71
What is stratified drift?
Sediment deposited by meltwater
72
Open land with rocks and no trees is an _______
Outwash Plain
73
______ was a block of ice that melted and filled with rain.
Kettle
74
What does most of the erosion in the desert?
Water
75
What are alluvial fans?
A fan or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams or debris flows.
76
What are bajadas?
Formed by the lateral merging and blending of a series of alluvial fans.
77
What are inselbergs?
An isolated hill, knob, ridge, outcrop, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.
78
What is deflation and how does it lead to the formation of desert pavement?
Wind picks up loose material and moves it around on the ground.
79
What is loess?
Deposits of windblown silt.
80
What are cross beds?
Sloping layers of sand in the dunes.
81
What percentage of the world is land?
29%
82
Historically, from which part of the sea floor have humans extracted oil and gas? What did Dr. Abolins describe as a "new frontier" in offshore oil exploration?
Continental Shelf
83
What is the driving force behind deep ocean currents?
Wind
84
What is the driving behind tides?
The Moon
85
Where do turbidity currents happen? What are they?
Continental Margin. Dense mixture of water & sediments that flow along the seafloor.
86
What is upwelling?
Cold water rises from deeper layers that brings greater concentrations of dissolved nutrients to the surface. This mostly happens on the west coast of continents.
87
What factors influence the timing and height of the tides?
Elevation of ocean surface, Moon, and wind.
88
What is the "kernel of truth" buried deep, deep, deep within the tall tale that is the movie "The Day After Tomorrow"?
Thermohaline Circulation.
89
What are the pycnocline and thermocline?
Deep Zone & Surface Layer in the Surface Mix Zone.
90
What are the three layers of the ocean?
Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, and Continental Rise
91
Define weather and climate
Weather: Short period of time.
Climate: Long period of time
92
What are the layers of the atmosphere in order from bottom to top and describe them
Troposphere: We live here!
Stratosphere: Ozone Layer.
Mesosphere
Thermosphere: Little air, home to Aurora
The Stupid Mom Tries
93
What gases make up air? Which is most abundant? Which is the second most abundant?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxie. Nitrogen is most abundant, Oxygen is second.
94
Distinguish between the Bergeron process and the collision-coalescence process. Which is more important in the tropics and which is more important here at middle latitudes?
Bergeron is more important here and Collision-Coalescence is more important in the tropics.
95
What is relative humidity?
Ratio of the air’s actual water vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor required for saturation at that temperature.
96
What is glaze?
When rain freezes when it touches the ground
97
What is rime?
aka Black Ice
| Freezing of supercooled fog
98
What factors influence the direction and speed of surface winds? What factors influence the direction and speed of high altitude winds?
Earth’s rotation & friction.
99
What is the jet stream?
A river of air at a high altitude and high velocity
100
Describe the wind belts.
Polar Easterlies, Westerlies (us), and Trade Winds/Tropical Easterlies.
101
What is an air mass?
A large body of air with similar temperatures and move and affect a large portion of the continent.
102
Describe the location, temperature, and moisture content of the major air masses responsible for weather in Tennessee.
We are in the Westerlies Belt, in the Troposphere,
103
Describe a cyclone
Center of low pressure, inward (convergence), spin counterclockwise
104
Describe an anticyclone
Center of high pressure, divergence, spin clockwise, produce fair weather
105
Describe symbols used to represent warm and cold fronts on a weather map
Warm Front: Line with semicircles.
| Cold Front: Triangles.
106
Describe what Dr. Abolins said about the Weisman and Saginor CNN opinion pieces.
Weisman, Dr. Abolins does NOT agree with.
| Saginor, no connection between climate change & tectonic activity.
107
Describe a cold front
Replaces warm air, moves faster than warm, more violent
108
Describe a warm front
Replaces cooler air, slow, light-to-moderate precipitation
109
Describe an occluded front
Active cold front over takes warm front, cold air wedges the warm air upwards
110
Describe a stationary front
Flow of air on both sides of the front is almost parallel to the line of the front
111
Within the westerlies belt, storm systems usually move ______ to ______
West to East
112
Thunderclouds are associated with ________ fronts.
Cold
113
Tropical masses are _______.
Warm
114
Maritime masses are ______
Humid
115
Between 1970 and 2002, emissions of the six principal pollutants __________ by 48 percent.
were cut
116
The fall equinox in the Southern Hemisphere occurs on this date.
March 21
117
Most climate scientists think global warming is largely caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) produced by people.
False
118
The magnitude of a temperature increase due to greenhouse warming will probably be smallest in the ________.
tropics
119
Which one of the following statements is true about the equinoxes?
Days and nights are equal in length everywhere.
120
Distance variations between Earth and the Sun are very important in understanding seasonal temperature variations. For example, summer happens when the Earth is closer to the Sun.
False
121
Secondary pollutants are produced by secondary manufacturing processes and are emitted directly from identifiable sources (e.g., factory stacks).
False
122
What factors influence the timing and height of the tides?
Configuration of the ocean basin
Shape of the coastline
Water depth near shore
