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Midterms > Geology (Midterms) > Flashcards

Geology (Midterms) Flashcards

1
Q

is grounding shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in Earth’s crust

A

Earthquake

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2
Q

fractures in earth’s crust called

A

faults

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3
Q

it tends to occur along pre-existing faults where internal stresses cause the crustal rocks break into two or more units

A

earthquake

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4
Q

the location where slippage begins

A

hypocenter or focus

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5
Q

the point on Earth’s surface directl above the hypocenter

A

epicenter

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6
Q

a form of energy that travels through the lithosphere and earth’s interior

A

seismic waves

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7
Q

the energy carried by these waves causes the material that transmits them to shake

A

seismic waves

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8
Q

The famous San Francisco Earthquake

A
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9
Q

What energy is released that can generate earthquake - like waves

A

volcanic eruptions, massive landslides, and meteorite impacts

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10
Q

it have been discovered thousands of meters above sea level

A

fossils of marine organisms

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11
Q

he conducted a landmark study following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

A

Harry F. Reid

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12
Q

it was accompanied by horizontal surface displacements of several meters along the northern portion of the San Andreas Fault

A

San Francisco earthquake

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13
Q

it keeps the fault from rupturing and slipping

A

friction resistance

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14
Q

a series of earthquake waves radiate outward as it slides

A

snap back

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15
Q

numerous earthquakes if lesswe magnitude that ahpoen after the strong earthquale

A

aftershocks

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16
Q

result from crust along the fault surface adjusting to the displacement caused by the main shock

A

aftershocks

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16
Q

small earthquakes which often, but not always, precede major earthquakes by days or, in some cases, several years

A

foreshocks

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17
Q

three types of faults

A

normal fault
reverse fault or thrust fault
strike-slip fault

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18
Q

block of rock below the fault

A

foot wall

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19
Q

block of rock about the fault

A

hanging wall

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20
Q

a fault wherein the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall

A

normal fault

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21
Q

a fault wherein the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall

A

reverse fault
thrust fault

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22
Q

a fault wherein two blocks of rocks slide past one another

A

strike-slip fault

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23
Q

mos of earth’s strongest earthquakes occur along large faults associated with _

A

convergent plate boundaries

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24
Q

the convergent plate boundary separating a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere and the overlying plate forms a extensive fault zone

A

megathrust fault

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25
Q

faults in which dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel direction of the fault trace

A

strike-slip faults

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26
Q

gradual displacement

A

fault creep

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27
Q

are similar to the instruments used in ancient china

A

seismographs or seismometers

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28
Q

has a weight freely suspended from a support that i securely attached to the bedrock

A

seismograph

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29
Q

the records obtained from seismgraphs

A

seismograms

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30
Q

provides useful information about the nature of seismic waves

A

seismograms

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31
Q

two main types of seismic waves are generated by the slippage of a rock mass:

A

body waves
surface waves

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32
Q

travel through earth’s interior

A

body waves

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33
Q

travel in the rock layers just below Earth’s surface

A

surface waves

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34
Q

body waves are further divided into two types

A

primary waves or p waves
secondary waves or s waves

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35
Q

are push/pull waves; they momentarily push and pull rocks in te direction the waves are traveling

A

primary waves

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36
Q

solids, liquids, and gases resists stresses that change heir volume when compressed and, therefore, elastically spring back once the stress is removed

A

primary waves

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37
Q

it can travel through all these materials

A

primary waves

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38
Q

these waves “shake” the particles at right angles to their direction of travel

A

secondary waves

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39
Q

liquids and gases do not transmit

A

S waves

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40
Q

Two types of surface waves

A

rayleigh waves
love waves

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41
Q

causes earth’s surface and anything resting on it to move up and down much as ocean swells toss a ship

A

rayleigh waves

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42
Q

causes earth’s surface to move from side to side

A

love waves

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43
Q

this motion is particularly damaging to the foundation of structures

A

love waves

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44
Q

p waves are the first to arrive at a recording station, the S waves, and finally surface waves

A
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45
Q

s waves have slightly greater amplitudes than p waves, and surface waves exhibit even greater amplitudes

A
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46
Q

Seismologists use a variety of methods to determine two fundamentally different measures that describe the size of an earthquake:

A

intensity
magnitude

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47
Q

scale that uses observed property damage to estimate the amount of ground shaking at a particular location

A

intensity

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48
Q

scale that uses data from seismographs to estimate the amount of energy released at an earthquake’s source.

A

magnitude

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49
Q

A measure of how an earthquake was felt in a certain locality area

A

PEIS
phivolcs earthquake intensity scale

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50
Q

developed the first magnitude scale to use seismic records

A

Charles richter

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51
Q

is calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a sesimogram

A

richter scale - richter magnitude

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52
Q

seismologists now favor this newer scale for measuring medium and large earthquakes

A

moment magnitude

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53
Q

is calculated by determining the average amount of slip on the fault, the area of the fault surface slipped, and the strength of the faulted rock

A

moment magnitude

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54
Q

the phenomenon of transforming a somewhat stable soil into mobile material capable of rising towards earth’s surface

A

liquefaction

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55
Q

major undersea earthquakes may set in motion a series of large ocean waves

A

tsunami

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56
Q

processes that deform Earth’s crust to create major structural features, such as mountains, continents, and ocean basins.

A

tectonic processes

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57
Q

continents were once united into a single supercontinent

A

continental drift hypothesis

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58
Q

single supercontinent named

A

Pangaea

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59
Q

He suggested that Pangaea broke up long ago and that the continents then moved to their current positions.

A

alfred wegener

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60
Q

evidences of the continental drift hypothesis

A
  1. the continental jigsaw puzzle
  2. fossils matching across the seas
  3. rock types and geologic features
  4. ancient climates
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61
Q

Constructed a map that pieced together the edges of the continental shelves of South America and Africa at a depth of about 900 meters (3000 feet).

A

SIr Edward Bullard

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62
Q

A small aquatic freshwater reptile whose fossil remains are limited to rocks of Permian age (about 260 million years ago) in eastern South America and southwestern Africa.

A

mesosaurus

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63
Q

seed fern

A

glossopteris

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64
Q

Includes the crust and the uppermost, and therefore coolest, part of the mantle

A

lithosphere

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65
Q

Earth’s strong outer layer

A

lithosphere

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66
Q

stone

A

lithos

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67
Q

is a hotter, weaker region in the mantle that lies below the lithosphere

A

asthenosphere

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68
Q

weak

A

asthenos

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69
Q

The lithosphere is broken into about two dozen segments of irregular size and shape called

A

lithospheric plate
plates

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70
Q

Seven major lithospheric plates are recognized and account for 94 percent of Earth’s surface area:

A
  1. North American Plate
  2. South American Plate
  3. Pacific Plate
  4. African Plate
  5. Eurasian Plate
  6. Australian- Indian Plate
  7. Antarctic Plate
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71
Q

Intermediate-sized plates include:

A
  1. Caribbean Plate
  2. Nazca Plate
  3. Philippine Plate
  4. Arabian Plate
  5. Cocos Plate
  6. Scotia Plate
  7. Juan de Fuca Plate
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72
Q

One of the main tenets of the plate tectonics theory is that plates move as somewhat rigid units relative to all other plates.

A

plate movement

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73
Q

Three types of plate boundaries:

A

divergent plate boundaries
convergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries

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74
Q

where two plates move apart, resulting in upwelling and partial melting of hot material from the mantle to create new seafloor

A

divergent plate boundaries

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75
Q

is the longest topographic feature on Earth’s
surface, exceeding 70,000 kilometers (43,000 miles) in length.

A

oceanic ridge system

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76
Q

Longest mountain range in the world which is underwater.

A

mid-atlantic ridge

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77
Q

along the crest of some ridge segments is a deep canyon like structure

A

rift valley

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78
Q

The mechanism that operates along the oceanic ridge system to create new seafloor

A

seafloor spreading

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79
Q

As the tectonic forces continue to pull apart the crust, the broken crustal fragments sink, generating an elongated depression

A

continental rift

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80
Q

where two plates move toward each other and the leading edge of one is bent downward as it slides beneath the other.

A

convergent plate boundaries

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81
Q

Convergent boundaries are also called

A

subduction zones

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82
Q

Located along the west coast of South America.

A

peru-chile trench

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83
Q

It is more than 4500 kilometers (3000 miles) long, and its floor is as much as 8 kilometers (5 miles) below sea level.

A

peru-chile trench

84
Q

located in the western pacific

A

mariana trench

85
Q

the deepest part of the ocean

A

challenger deep

86
Q

Trenches in the Philippines:

A
  • Philippine Trench
  • Manila Trench
  • Negros Trench
  • Cotabato Trench
87
Q

Three types of convergent plate boundary:

A
  • Ocean-continent convergence
  • Oceanic-oceanic convergence
  • Continental-continental convergence
88
Q

the wedge of mantle rock is sufficiently hot that the introduction of water from the slab below leads to some melting.

A

partial melting

89
Q

Mountain systems like the Andes, which are produced in part by volcanic activity associated with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere,

A

continental volcanic arcs

90
Q

The newly formed land, consisting of an arc-shaped chain of volcanic islands,

A

volcanic island arc
island arc

91
Q

plates slide horizontally past one another without the production or destruction of lithosphere.

A

transform plate boundary
transform fault

92
Q

The most common and abundant material on Earth.

A

rock

93
Q

Composed of smaller crystals called minerals

A

rock

94
Q

The grains or crystals may be microscopically small or easily seen with the unaided eye.

A

rock

95
Q

two basic characteristics of rocks

A

texture
mineral composition

96
Q

latin word for fire

A

“ignis”

97
Q

form when molten rock solidifies at the surface or beneath the surface

A

igneous rocks

98
Q

molten rock that is underground

A

Magma

99
Q

molten rock that breaks through the Earth’s surface

A

Lava

100
Q

latin word for settling

A

sedimentum

101
Q

consists of particles derived from the weathering of other rocks

A

sedimentary rocks

102
Q

composed of a clasts of minerals and rock fragments

A

Detrital sedimentary rocks

103
Q

precipitation from solution waters

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks

104
Q

best example is coal

A

Organic sedimentary rock

105
Q

Greek word for after

A

meta

106
Q

Greek word for form

A

morph

107
Q

known as the Vishnu schist, it formed deep below earth’s surface where temperatures and pressures are high and in association with mountain-building episodes in precambrian time

A

metamorphic rock

108
Q

A process that transforms the mineralogy, texture and sometimes chemical composition of the parent rock (original rock).

A

Metamorphism

109
Q

due to high pressure and temperature

A

metamorphism

110
Q

Refers to any planar (nearly flat) arrangement of mineral grains or crystals within a rock

A

Foliation

111
Q

Are usually layered or banded

A

Foliated metamorphic rocks

112
Q

allows us to view many of the interrelationships among different parts of the Earth system.

A

rock cycle

113
Q

It helps us understand the origin of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and to see that each type is linked to the others by external and internal processes that act upon and within the planet.

A

rock cycle

114
Q

molten rock that forms deep beneath Earth’s surface.

A

Magma

115
Q

Over time, magma cools and
solidifies.

A

crystallization

116
Q

the resulting rocks

A

igneous rocks

117
Q

these particles and dissolved substances

A

sediment

118
Q

a term meaning “conversion into rock.”

A

lithification

119
Q

The sedimentary rock reacts to the
changing environment and turns into the
third rock type,

A

metamorphic rocks

120
Q

the study of the solid Earth, the rocks which comprises it, and the processes

A

geology

121
Q

Why study geology?

A

supplying things we need
avoiding geologic hazards
protecting the environment
understanding our surroundings

122
Q

what are the earth systems?

A

atmosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere
geosphere

123
Q

Earth as a giant machine driven by two heat engines:

A

internal heat engine and external heat engine

124
Q

Earth’s interior:

A

crust, mantle, core

125
Q

rigid

A

lithosphere

126
Q

weak

A

asthenosphere

127
Q

is broken into plates that are in motion

A

lithosphere

128
Q

how old is earth by the use of radiometric dating?

A

4.6 billion years old

129
Q

Geology as a discipline

A

The earth is our laboratory
timing is also important in geology
scale of rock features

130
Q

main branches of geology

A

physical geology and historical geology

131
Q

composition, processes beneath and on the surface

A

physical geology

132
Q

origin and development through time

A

historical geology

133
Q

main branches of physical geology

A

Physical Geology
* Volcanology
* Seismology
* Environmental Geology
* Engineering Geology
* Economic Geology
* Mineralogy
* Petrology
* Geochemistry
* Geophysics
* Geomorphology

Historical Geology
* Paleontology
* Stratigraphy
* Geochronology

134
Q

monitoring, volcanic processes, hazards

A

volcanology

135
Q

earthquake and seismic waves, hazards

A

seismology

136
Q

interaction between humans and geologic environment

A

environmental geology

137
Q

application of geologic information

A

engineering geology

138
Q

metalliferous and non-metalliferous

A

economic geology

139
Q

minerals

A

mineralogy

140
Q

rocks

A

petrology

141
Q

chemical composition

A

geochemistry

142
Q

physical properties of rocks

A

geophysics

143
Q

landforms and landform evolution

A

geomorphology

144
Q

ancient life (fossils)

A

paleontology

145
Q

succession of strata (layers)

A

stratigraphy

146
Q

age of earth materials to provide a temporal framework

A

geochronology

147
Q

Earth’s landscapes shaped by sudden and often worldwide great catastrophes (Earth is young)

A

catastrophism

148
Q

catastrophism is proposed by

A

baron georges cuvier

149
Q

Physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today also operated in the geologic past

A

uniformitarianism

150
Q

uniformitarianism is proposed by

A

james hutton

151
Q

Branch of Geology that studies the composition, properties, and genesis of minerals

A

mineralogy

152
Q

building blocks of rocks

A

minerals

153
Q

minerals NIDOH meaning

A

N – Naturally occurring
I – Inorganic
D – Definite chemical composition
O – Orderly crystalline structure
H – Homogenously solid

154
Q

the smallest particle that cannot be chemically split

A

atom

155
Q

It is a positively charged particles

A

proton

156
Q

A particle with no charge

A

neutron

157
Q

The central part of an atom composed of neutrons and electrons

A

nucleus

158
Q

It is a negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus

A

electron

159
Q

Refers to the number of protons in an atom

A

atomic numbers

160
Q

Refers to the group of atoms of the same number of protons

A

element

161
Q

Mass of a particular atom

A

atomic mass number

162
Q

Atoms of the same element with different atomic mass number

A

isotope

163
Q

contain nuclei that do not tend to change spontaneously

A

stable isotope

164
Q

have a potential to undergo radioactive decay

A

unstable isotope

165
Q

A region where electrons move

A

electron cloud

166
Q

A principal orbit where an electron revolves around the nucleus

A

principal shells

167
Q

Refers to the electron/s on the outermost shell

A

valence electron

168
Q

Refers to the force or mechanism that holds two or more atoms together to form crystals, then minerals, and then rocks.

A

chemical bond

169
Q

Refers to the results of bonding two or more atoms.

A

chemical compund

170
Q

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.

A

oclet rule

171
Q

formed by the attraction of two atoms with opposite charges

A

ionic bonding

172
Q

formed by equal sharing of electrons from both participating atoms

A

covalent bonding

173
Q

refers to the collective sharing of the sea of valence electrons between several positively charged metal ions

A

metallic bonding

174
Q

types of bonding

A

ionic, covalent
metallic bonding

175
Q

Most conspicuous characteristics of a mineral

A

color

176
Q

refers to the elements that are not part of the original compound of the mineral

A

impurities

177
Q

The appearance of quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral.

A

luster

178
Q

minerals that have the appearance of a metal

A

metallic

179
Q

minerals with metallic appearance but develop a dull coating or tarnish

A

submetallic

180
Q

glassy appearance

A

vitreous

181
Q

have an appearance like a pearl or inside a clamshell

A

pearly

182
Q

have an appearance like satin cloth

A

silky

183
Q

have an appearance as though coated in oil

A

greasy

184
Q

Color of a mineral in powdered form. It can also help distinguish between minerals with metallic and nonmetallic luster

A

streak

185
Q

when no light is transmitted

A

opaque

186
Q

when light, but not an image is transmitted

A

translucent

187
Q

When both light and image are visible

A

transparent

188
Q

optical properties

A

color
luster
streak
diaphaneity

189
Q

Refers to the common characteristic shape of a crystal or aggregate of crystals

A

habit

190
Q

Refers to the strength of a mineral or its resistance to breaking or deforming

A

tenacity

191
Q

Minerals that can be shatter into small pieces when struck

A

brittle

192
Q

Minerals that can be easily hammered into different shapes

A

malleable

193
Q

Minerals that can be cut into thin shavings

A

sectile

194
Q

Minerals that can bend and snap back into its original shape after the stress is being released.

A

elastic

195
Q

Measures the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

A

hardness

196
Q

A relative hardness scale which consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from softest (1) to hardest (10).

A

mohs hardness scale

197
Q

Refers to the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding

A

cleavage

198
Q

Defines the mass per unit volume of a mineral

A

density

199
Q

Describes the density of a mineral

A

specific gravity

200
Q

Ability of the mineral to be attracted in a magnet

A

magnetism

201
Q

taste, feel, smell

A

sensory properties

202
Q

Ability of a mineral to produce double image when light is transmitted

A

double refraction

203
Q

Ability of a mineral to fizz when an acid is placed

A

effervescence

204
Q

Rock-forming minerals. composed of Silicon and Oxygen

A

silicates

205
Q

economic minerals. minerals used for construction

A

non-silicates

206
Q

a pyramid shape with four identical faces

A

tetrahedron-shaped bond

207
Q

physical properties of minerals

A

optical properties
crystal shape
mineral strength
mineral mass
other physical properties

Midterms (6 decks)

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