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Geology > Geology TEST2 > Flashcards

Geology TEST2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Defintion: Failure and downslope movement of rock or unconsolidated material due to gravity.

A

Mass wasting aka slope failure

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2
Q

Material derived from the disintegration and erosion of rocks on the lands surface.

A

unconsolidated materials

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3
Q

Examples of unconsolidated materials.

A

clay, silt, sand and gravel

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4
Q

Is mass wasting same as a landslide?

A

yes but some landslides is a specific type wasting characterized by rapid slope failure.

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5
Q

Geological process in which materials are worn away and potentially transported naturally by wind or water.

A

Erosion

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6
Q

What are erosions and break down of hill driven by?

A

Gravity

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7
Q

What does a sloped surface of an erosion depend on?

A

-angle of the slope
-strength of the materials

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8
Q

What factors will determine whether or not it will
move down the surface?

If rock has already broken from the surface:

A

weak interaction

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9
Q

What factors will determine whether or not it will
move down the surface?

If rock is still a part of the surface:

A

strong interaction

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10
Q

What is the strength of interaction referred to as?

A

shear strength

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11
Q

What factors will determine whether or not it
will move down the surface?

What force is acting on the on the surface/chunk of rock?

A

Gravitational force, pulling everything to Earths center.

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12
Q

A force component parallel to slope.

A

shear force

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13
Q

A force perpendicular to slope.

A

normal force

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14
Q

If the slope is steeper what happens to the shear force?

A

It becomes greater

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15
Q

What is the difference of slope between a young and old mountain?

A

Young mountains have steeper slopes, did not experience erosions.

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16
Q

As rock strength increase what happens to the shear shear strength?

A

the shear strength increase

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17
Q

Which rocks made of crystallized molten material are very strong?

2 igneous rock, 1 metamorphic

A

Granite(ir), Basalt(ir), Gneiss(mr)

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18
Q

Example of strong sedimentary rock.

A

-Dolostone
-Limestone
-Calcite

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19
Q

Example of moderately strong sedimentary rock.

A

Conglomerate (a clastic sedimentary rock)

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20
Q

Example of weak sedimentary rock.

A

Mudstone (cemented)

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21
Q

Example of sedimentary rock that can be strong or weak.

A

Sandstone (made of sand held together by a mineral cement)

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22
Q

Why is sandstone in PEI red?

A

because of the high iron oxide content.

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23
Q

Fall vs Slide vs Flow

A material dropping through air, vertically or almost vertically.

A

Fall

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24
Q

Fall vs Slide vs Flow

A material moving as a mass along a slopping surface. (no internal motion)

A

Slide

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25
Fall vs Slide vs Flow Downslope movement of a material that also has internal motion like a fluid.
Flow
26
- rapid downslope movement of dislodged rocks that originate above a steep enough slope
Rockfall
27
Hard solid rock under unconsolidated surface materials.
bedrock
28
Visible exposure of bedrock occurring due to erosion or tectonic plate activity.
outcrops
29
How can we end up seeing bedrock?
Erosion or tectonic plate activity
30
Pressure exerted by any fluid in a confined space.
Hydrostatic pressure
31
What is erosion by rivers/streams also known as?
undercutting
32
Rockfalls and soil falls can be driven by..?
hyrdrostatic pressure, freeze and thaw, etc.
33
Sliding motion of rocks along a sloped surface.
rock slide
34
Sliding encountered when a thick layer/slice of unconsolidated material on a curved slope.
slump
35
How are slumped caused?
by presence of excess water between unconsolidated layer and the curved slope.
36
When does the slump first start?
above the curved slope.
37
What is a curved lower trunk known as?
"pistol butt"
38
A very slow flow movement of soil/unconsolidated material down a slope. In a leaning motion.
creep
39
creep triggered by freeze-thaw in colder climates.
solifluction
40
why can glows occur even on gentle slopes?
because the unconsolidated materials are saturated with water.
41
Flow of saturated unconsolidated material whose grains are SAND-SIZED or smaller
mudflow
42
flow of saturated unconsolidated material whose grains are GRAVEL-SIZED or larger
debris flow
43
Pore sized of soils, greatest to smallest.
gravel/stone > sand > silt > clay
44
-Pore space filled with water: -Pore space with no water: -Pore space with air pockets:
-saturated -dry soil -unsaturated
45
Which flow requires a steeper slope?
debris flow
46
What is a mudflow and debris flow occurring on a volcano or associated with volcanic activity?
A lahar
47
a forward ROTATION and movement of mass/slice of rock or unconsolidated material out of a slope.
topple
48
A debris or rock pile at base of slope/mountain/hill.
talus cone
49
What triggers a topple?
Weathering and undercutting.
50
materials are worn away and TRANSPORTED by wind or water.
erosion
51
erosion of materials at the foot of a cliff or steep slope.
undercutting
52
BREAKING DOWN or dissolving rocks and minerals on earth surface.
weathering
53
What era is known as the age of the dinosaurs?
mesozoic era
54
When did dinosaurs first appear?
triassic period
55
During the triassic period (when dinosaurs appeared) what was the supercontinent known as?
Pangea
56
Where does the word cretacious come from?
creta , a latin word for chalk
57
What does the K and T mean in K-T extinction event?
kreide and tertiary
58
What does the extinction event usher?
the end of creracious period and beginning or tertiary period.
59
What reptiles survived the k-t extinction event?
alligators, crocodiles and turtles.
60
What is the earliest human ancestor?
purgatorius
61
How many detectable earthquakes are there a year?
500,000
62
Where are the lithosphere/tectonic plate located?
Asthenosphere
63
Where do the majority of large earthquakes happen?
the ring of fire
64
Where do the Afghanistan earthquakes happen?
Alpide belt
65
Where do most divergent plate earthquakes happen?
Mid-Atlantic ridge
66
Point IN earths interior where earthquake originares
hypocenter
67
Point ON earths surface directly above the hypocenter.
epicenter
68
What type of seismic waves travel through earth?
body wave
69
What type of wave travel along earths surface?
surface waves
70
What are the two types of body waves?
p-waves (primary wave) and s-waves (secondary wave)
71
How does the surface behave with a p-wave?
expand and contact, parallel to wave travel.
72
How does the surface behave with a s-wave?
rise and fall, perpendicular to wave travel.
73
Where can the p-wave travel and through what?
It can travel through solids, gas and liquids. It can travel through the crust, mantle, outer and inner core.
74
Where can the s-wave travel and through what?
It can travel through only solids. It can travel through crust and mantle.
75
What are the two types of surface waves?
Love wave and rayleigh wave
76
Where does the seismic wave originate?
the hypocenter
77
How does the love wave travel?
horizontally, earth moves side to side
78
How does the rayleigh wave travel?
horizontally, earth moves in an elliptical pattern

Geology (4 decks)

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