Geology TEST2

Question 1

Defintion: Failure and downslope movement of rock or unconsolidated material due to gravity.

Answer 1

Mass wasting aka slope failure

Question 2

Material derived from the disintegration and erosion of rocks on the lands surface.

Answer 2

unconsolidated materials

Question 3

Examples of unconsolidated materials.

Answer 3

clay, silt, sand and gravel

Question 4

Is mass wasting same as a landslide?

Answer 4

yes but some landslides is a specific type wasting characterized by rapid slope failure.

Question 5

Geological process in which materials are worn away and potentially transported naturally by wind or water.

Answer 5

Erosion

Question 6

What are erosions and break down of hill driven by?

Answer 6

Gravity

Question 7

What does a sloped surface of an erosion depend on?

Answer 7

-angle of the slope
-strength of the materials

Question 8

What factors will determine whether or not it will
move down the surface?

If rock has already broken from the surface:

Answer 8

weak interaction

Question 9

What factors will determine whether or not it will
move down the surface?

If rock is still a part of the surface:

Answer 9

strong interaction

Question 10

What is the strength of interaction referred to as?

Answer 10

shear strength

Question 11

What factors will determine whether or not it
will move down the surface?

What force is acting on the on the surface/chunk of rock?

Answer 11

Gravitational force, pulling everything to Earths center.

Question 12

A force component parallel to slope.

Answer 12

shear force

Question 13

A force perpendicular to slope.

Answer 13

normal force

Question 14

If the slope is steeper what happens to the shear force?

Answer 14

It becomes greater

Question 15

What is the difference of slope between a young and old mountain?

Answer 15

Young mountains have steeper slopes, did not experience erosions.

Question 16

As rock strength increase what happens to the shear shear strength?

Answer 16

the shear strength increase

Question 17

Which rocks made of crystallized molten material are very strong?

2 igneous rock, 1 metamorphic

Answer 17

Granite(ir), Basalt(ir), Gneiss(mr)

Question 18

Example of strong sedimentary rock.

Answer 18

-Dolostone
-Limestone
-Calcite

Question 19

Example of moderately strong sedimentary rock.

Answer 19

Conglomerate (a clastic sedimentary rock)

Question 20

Example of weak sedimentary rock.

Answer 20

Mudstone (cemented)

Question 21

Example of sedimentary rock that can be strong or weak.

Answer 21

Sandstone (made of sand held together by a mineral cement)

Question 22

Why is sandstone in PEI red?

Answer 22

because of the high iron oxide content.

Question 23

Fall vs Slide vs Flow

A material dropping through air, vertically or almost vertically.

Answer 23

Fall

Question 24

Fall vs Slide vs Flow

A material moving as a mass along a slopping surface. (no internal motion)

Answer 24

Slide

Question 25

Fall vs Slide vs Flow Downslope movement of a material that also has internal motion like a fluid.

Answer 25

Flow

Question 26

- rapid downslope movement of dislodged rocks that originate above a steep enough slope

Answer 26

Rockfall

Question 27

Hard solid rock under unconsolidated surface materials.

Answer 27

bedrock

Question 28

Visible exposure of bedrock occurring due to erosion or tectonic plate activity.

Answer 28

outcrops

Question 29

How can we end up seeing bedrock?

Answer 29

Erosion or tectonic plate activity

Question 30

Pressure exerted by any fluid in a confined space.

Answer 30

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

What is erosion by rivers/streams also known as?

Answer 31

undercutting

Question 32

Rockfalls and soil falls can be driven by..?

Answer 32

hyrdrostatic pressure, freeze and thaw, etc.

Question 33

Sliding motion of rocks along a sloped surface.

Answer 33

rock slide

Question 34

Sliding encountered when a thick layer/slice of unconsolidated material on a curved slope.

Answer 34

slump

Question 35

How are slumped caused?

Answer 35

by presence of excess water between unconsolidated layer and the curved slope.

Question 36

When does the slump first start?

Answer 36

above the curved slope.

Question 37

What is a curved lower trunk known as?

Answer 37

"pistol butt"

Question 38

A very slow flow movement of soil/unconsolidated material down a slope. In a leaning motion.

Answer 38

creep

Question 39

creep triggered by freeze-thaw in colder climates.

Answer 39

solifluction

Question 40

why can glows occur even on gentle slopes?

Answer 40

because the unconsolidated materials are saturated with water.

Question 41

Flow of saturated unconsolidated material whose grains are SAND-SIZED or smaller

Answer 41

mudflow

Question 42

flow of saturated unconsolidated material whose grains are GRAVEL-SIZED or larger

Answer 42

debris flow

Question 43

Pore sized of soils, greatest to smallest.

Answer 43

gravel/stone > sand > silt > clay

Question 44

-Pore space filled with water: -Pore space with no water: -Pore space with air pockets:

Answer 44

-saturated -dry soil -unsaturated

Question 45

Which flow requires a steeper slope?

Answer 45

debris flow

Question 46

What is a mudflow and debris flow occurring on a volcano or associated with volcanic activity?

Answer 46

A lahar

Question 47

a forward ROTATION and movement of mass/slice of rock or unconsolidated material out of a slope.

Answer 47

topple

Question 48

A debris or rock pile at base of slope/mountain/hill.

Answer 48

talus cone

Question 49

What triggers a topple?

Answer 49

Weathering and undercutting.

Question 50

materials are worn away and TRANSPORTED by wind or water.

Answer 50

erosion

Question 51

erosion of materials at the foot of a cliff or steep slope.

Answer 51

undercutting

Question 52

BREAKING DOWN or dissolving rocks and minerals on earth surface.

Answer 52

weathering

Question 53

What era is known as the age of the dinosaurs?

Answer 53

mesozoic era

Question 54

When did dinosaurs first appear?

Answer 54

triassic period

Question 55

During the triassic period (when dinosaurs appeared) what was the supercontinent known as?

Answer 55

Pangea

Question 56

Where does the word cretacious come from?

Answer 56

creta , a latin word for chalk

Question 57

What does the K and T mean in K-T extinction event?

Answer 57

kreide and tertiary

Question 58

What does the extinction event usher?

Answer 58

the end of creracious period and beginning or tertiary period.

Question 59

What reptiles survived the k-t extinction event?

Answer 59

alligators, crocodiles and turtles.

Question 60

What is the earliest human ancestor?

Answer 60

purgatorius

Question 61

How many detectable earthquakes are there a year?

Answer 61

500,000

Question 62

Where are the lithosphere/tectonic plate located?

Answer 62

Asthenosphere

Question 63

Where do the majority of large earthquakes happen?

Answer 63

the ring of fire

Question 64

Where do the Afghanistan earthquakes happen?

Answer 64

Alpide belt

Question 65

Where do most divergent plate earthquakes happen?

Answer 65

Mid-Atlantic ridge

Question 66

Point IN earths interior where earthquake originares

Answer 66

hypocenter

Question 67

Point ON earths surface directly above the hypocenter.

Answer 67

epicenter

Question 68

What type of seismic waves travel through earth?

Answer 68

body wave

Question 69

What type of wave travel along earths surface?

Answer 69

surface waves

Question 70

What are the two types of body waves?

Answer 70

p-waves (primary wave) and s-waves (secondary wave)

Question 71

How does the surface behave with a p-wave?

Answer 71

expand and contact, parallel to wave travel.

Question 72

How does the surface behave with a s-wave?

Answer 72

rise and fall, perpendicular to wave travel.

Question 73

Where can the p-wave travel and through what?

Answer 73

It can travel through solids, gas and liquids. It can travel through the crust, mantle, outer and inner core.

Question 74

Where can the s-wave travel and through what?

Answer 74

It can travel through only solids. It can travel through crust and mantle.

Question 75

What are the two types of surface waves?

Answer 75

Love wave and rayleigh wave

Question 76

Where does the seismic wave originate?

Answer 76

the hypocenter

Question 77

How does the love wave travel?

Answer 77

horizontally, earth moves side to side

Question 78

How does the rayleigh wave travel?

Answer 78

horizontally, earth moves in an elliptical pattern