Geomorphology

Question 1

The structure of the Earth

4 layers

Answer 1

MOLTEN: Liquid
MAGMA: molten
MANTLE: The layer of molten material around the earth’s core
CRUST: the outer layer of the earth , formed of solid rock

Question 2

PROCESSES THAT CHANGE ROCKS IN THE ROCK CYCLE

Answer 2

 Pressure and temperature turn sedimentary rocks into igneous rocks
 Pressure and temperature turn igneous rocks into metamorphic rocks
 Temperature turns sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks
 Weathering turns metamorphic rocks into sedimentary rocks

Question 3

Igneous Rocks

Answer 3

magma rises through the crust, cools and crytallises into new rock

Question 4

intrusive igneous activity

Answer 4

occurs when the magma intrudes into spaces underground and hardens

Question 5

intrusive landforms

Answer 5

1. Batholith
2. Laccolith
3. Lopolith
4. Dyke
5. Sill
6. Pipe

Question 6

Plate tectonic

Answer 6

a section of the Earth’s crust which can move on the mantle

Question 7

Plate boundary

Answer 7

the edge of the tectonic plate

Question 8

Continental drift

Answer 8

Continental drift

Question 9

Pangea split into

Answer 9

Laurasia (the northern continent) and
Gondwana (the southern continent).

Question 10

evidence supporting continental drift

Answer 10

1. similar fossils found in different continents
2. rock formations
3. similar coal deposits
4. continents are like a puzzel and fit into each other

Question 11

formaton of folds

Answer 11

• form when tectonic plates push together, placng the rock under great pressure
• the rock layers compress and form fold features

Question 12

fold mountains are normally formed on

Answer 12

the edges of collding plates

Question 13

Types of folds

Answer 13

1. overthrust fold
2. recmbent fold
3. overfold
4. monocline
5. syncline
6. antcline

Question 14

overthrust fold

Answer 14

• also called a nappe
• pressure is very great
• fold breaks
• one limb pushed forward the other

Question 15

recumbent fold

Answer 15

• occurs under extreme pressure
• limb becomes nearly horizontal

Question 16

overfold

Answer 16

• one limb is more steeply inclined than the other

Question 17

monocline

Answer 17

• simplest fold
• step-like fold strata

Question 18

syncline

Answer 18

• where rock layers fold downwards in a ‘U’shape

Question 19

anticline

Answer 19

• where rock layers fold upward in a ‘n’ shape

Question 20

effects of mountains on people

Answer 20

• terrace farming
• eco-tourism
• hydroelectric power

Question 21

faulting

Answer 21

line of weakness in the rock or strata

Question 22

causes of faults

Answer 22

• rocks crack due to pressure
• one section of rock may slide alongside or over another
• lateral or vertical movement
• tension

Question 23

types of faults and landforms

Answer 23

1. normal fault
2. reverse fault
3. lateral tearing fault

Question 24

normal fault

causes

Answer 24

caused by tension

Question 25

reverse fault

Answer 25

case by compression

Question 26

lateral tearng fault

Answer 26

lateral, horizontal forces

Question 27

the great african rift valley

Answer 27

- stretches from ethiopa to mozambique for 5000km - cuts through the african plateau and inside the block montains

Question 28

formation | the great african rift valley

Answer 28

- result of instabilty and tenson in the african plateau - tension led the magma to rise to the surface causing east africa to form a dome

Question 29

features | the great african rift valley

Answer 29

1. numerous lakes 2. volcanic mountains and many craters 3. the ngorongoro crater n tanzania ( tourist attractions)

Question 30

earthquakes

Answer 30

sudden shaking of the earth, caused by movement of faults

Question 31

characterstics of an earthquakes

Answer 31

- focus - epicentre - scismic waves - L waves

Question 32

focus

Answer 32

origin of an earthquake

Question 33

epicentre

Answer 33

point immediately above the focus on the surface

Question 34

scismic waves

Answer 34

the waves travel from focus outward within the crust ( p and s waves)

Question 35

L waves

Answer 35

when the P and S waves reach the surface are nw called L waves

Question 36

tsunami

Answer 36

- series of sea waves which form when an earthquake under the ocean occurs - big ocean wave that is created by a strong earthquake undersea

Question 37

earthquakes are measured by a

Answer 37

Richter scale

Question 38

richter scale

Answer 38

logarithmic scale used to measure the energy emitted by earthquakes

Question 39

Predictability of earthquakes

Answer 39

- Signs like tremors need to be heeded. - Use instruments that record the tension in rocks and estimate earthquake risk. - Landform shape changes can inform. - Animal behaviour can inform. - Receding coastal shorelines can inform.

Question 40

effects of earthquakes

Answer 40

- dam walls may break - industries forced to close - tsunamis may occur

Question 41

community earthquake strategies

Answer 41

- check hazards at home - indentify safe places to go to when an earthquake starts - educate - have disaster supplies ready - help ypur commnity to prepare

Question 42

constrctive margins

Answer 42

- two plates move apart from one another - molten rock rses to fll spaces

Question 43

destructive margins

Answer 43

-ocean crust moves toward continental crust ocean crust sinks

Question 44

conservative margins

Answer 44

- two plates slde past each other slowly - no crust formed or destroyed

Question 45

collision margins

Answer 45

two plates conssting of continental crust collide can cause earthquakes

Question 46

volcanoes

Answer 46

intrusive volcanic activity where magma reaches the surface

Question 47

basic lava

Answer 47

flows over a large area before soldifying

Question 48

acid lava

Answer 48

soldfies immediately it does not flow

Question 49

types of volcanoes

Answer 49

1. active volcanoes 2. dormant volcanoes 3. extinct volcanoes 4. cinder cones 5. shield volcanoes 6. composite volcanoes

Question 50

types of volcanoes

Answer 50

1. active volcanoes 2. dormant volcanoes 3. extinct volcanoes

Question 51

active volcanoes

Answer 51

still erupts

Question 52

dormant volcanoes

Answer 52

volcano whch has not erupted but is suspected to

Question 53

extinct volcanoes

Answer 53

has not erupted in a long time and not expected to

Question 54

cinder cones

Answer 54

simple volcano with lava

Question 55

sheld volcanoes

Answer 55

lava flows for long distances

Question 56

composite volcanoes

Answer 56

a reslut of multiple eruptions

Question 57

impacts of volcanoes

Answer 57

- hot springs - minerals - emits dangerous gases - ash pollute water sources

Question 58

convergent plate boundaries

Answer 58

plates moving towards each other

Question 59

divergent plate boundaries

Answer 59

plates moving apart

Question 60

transverse plate boundaries

Answer 60

plates slide past each other