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Geo > Geomorphology > Flashcards

Geomorphology Flashcards

1
Q

What is geomorphology?

A

Study of the crust of the Earth and the forces that effect it from inside and out.

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2
Q

What is responsible for changes on the outside of Earth?

A

Forces generated inside of Earth

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3
Q

What makes up the surface of the earth?

A

Areas of land (continents)

Areas of water (oceans) 70% of Earth’s surface

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4
Q

How thick is continental crust?

A

90 km thick

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5
Q

How thick is ocean crust?

A

5 km thick

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6
Q

Out of what parts does Earth consist?

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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7
Q

What is the composition of the crust?

A

Thin outer layer consisting of solid rock/soil
6 - 90 km thick
Thinner under oceans; thicker under continents
Least dense layer

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8
Q

What is the composition of the mantle?

A

About 2 900 km thick
More dense
Rocks in hot, thick, molten state (magma) - can move and flow
Magma, lava coming from volcano, comes from mantle

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9
Q

What’s the composition of the inner core?

A 
1 200km thick
Extremely hot, but solid metallic ball
Temperatures 5 000 - 6 000*C
Solid, because of enormous pressure from other layers 
Iron and nickel
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10
Q

What is the composition of the outer core?

A

2 000 km thick

Very dense, still molten state

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11
Q

Name the three types of major rock.

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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12
Q

What are igneous rocks?

A

Lava runs down sides of mountain will in time cool down to form very hard rocks.

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13
Q

The two names for magma and why they differ.

A

Inside crust: magma

Reaches surface: lava

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14
Q

How does magma reach the surface?

A

Faults or cracks form path along which the magma can reach the surface or spread in between the different rock layers of Earth.

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15
Q

What is intrusive igneous rocks?

A

Cools down slowly to form course grains with large crystals.

The fault line does not reach the surface, so the magma spreads between the different rock layers.

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16
Q

What is extrusive igneous rock?

A

Cools down quickly to form fine grains and small crystals.

Pressure is relieved as magma travels up fault lines and erupts to form a volcano on surface

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of igneous rocks?

A

Massive
Hundreds of meters or km wide
Doesn’t form layers
After millions of years of erosion and weathering, these structures start to appear above surface

Examples, Spitzkoppe (Usakos)
Brandberg (Uis)

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18
Q

Why does crystalline form in igneous rocks?

A

Many chemical elements in magma

During cooling, these elements combine to form crystals of minerals

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19
Q

Why are some crystals visible and some not?

A

Magma cools slowly:large crystals
Big enough to see with naked eye

Magma cools fast: small crystals
Cannot be seen with naked eye

20
Q

Granite?

A

Black crystals of mineral quartz and pink/white crystals of feldspar.

21
Q

What is pyrite?

A

Large crystals covered with quartz.

22
Q

What is basalt and obsidian?

A

Very small crystals that can be seen under a microscope.

23
Q

What is granite?

A

Common
Most intrusive landscapes formed with granite
Magma cooled down very slowly

24
Q

What is basalt?

A

Crystalline
Too small to see
Magma erupted from crust, cooled down quickly.

25
Q

What is the importance of igneous rocks?

A

Road building material (hard)
Build pyramids
Polished sheets used as table tops and floors
Make statues, vases and decorative artwork
Basalt an ingredient of concrete
Some types used for jewelry

26
Q

What is pumice used for?

A

Smoothing skin by removing dead skin
An abrasive in toothpaste to scrub teeth clean
Abrasive in cleaning materials

27
Q

What sedimentary rock?

A

Made of sediments or pieces of other rock material.

28
Q

What is the origin of sedimentary rock?

A

Wind water and ice are constantly busy to erode or worn down rocks in crust of Earth.
Weathered material: sediment
Sediment carried along by water, wind and ice and is eventually deposited into oceans.

29
Q

How is sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Weathered rock material, dead bodies of plants and animals.
More and more layers of sediment deposited on top of each other, weight of layers in top become so heavy, compacts lower layers into rock.

30
Q

Characteristics of sedimentary rock?

A

Sediments: broken - up pieces of different types of rock
Sediments cemented together
Layers: sediments deposited into layer upon layer
Layer of sediments become layers of rock
Can contain fossils: die, remains settle in sediments.
Fossils only found in sedimentary rocks

31
Q

What are the three most common sedimentary rocks?

A

Sandstone (larger grains)
Shale (very fine grains)
Limestone (caves form in limestone: stalactites; stalagmites)

32
Q

What is the importance of sedimentary rocks?

A

Useful building material

Limestone, shale made into cement

Black shales contain organic material that breaks down to form natural gas and oil.

When crushed and mixed with water, clay, useful objects made

Bricks and tiles

33
Q

What is metamorphic rock?

A

Igneous and sedimentary rocks changed by heat and pressure.

34
Q

What is the origin of metamorphic rocks?

A

Magma extremely hot, causes rock layers to heat up, and cause minerals inside rock to change their form.

Pressure in mantle forces mass of magma to intrude into Earth’s crust, the surrounding rock layers are changed. These rock layers also put under enormous pressure, because the forced them aside.

35
Q

Characteristics of metamorphic rock?

A

Originally igneous or sedimentary that was changed inside Earth.

Crystalline, often have a squashed or banded texture and is thinly layered.

36
Q

Limestone turns into..?

A

Metamorphic marble

37
Q

Sandstone turns into..?

A

Metamorphic quartzite

38
Q

Shale..?

A

Metamorphic slate

39
Q

Basalt..?

A

Metamorphic schist

40
Q

Granite..?

A

Metamorphic gneiss

41
Q

What is the importance of marble?

A 
Building materials and artwork
Statues 
Decorative items
Toothpaste
Paper
Kitchen table tops and bathrooms
42
Q

What is the importance of slate?

A

Roof tiles

Blackboards

43
Q

What is the importance of metamorphic rock?

A

Hardest
Road building and roofing
Jewelry

44
Q

What is the rock cycle of igneous rock?

A

Changes to sedimentary rock or metamorphic rock through weathering, erosion and enormous pressure.

45
Q

What is the rock cycle of sedimentary rock?

A

Change into metamorphic rock through pressure and heat and into igneous rock through heat and melting.

46
Q

What is the rock cycle of metamorphic rock?

A

Change into igneous rock through melting and cooling or sedimentary rock through weathering, erosion and pressure.

Geo (8 decks)

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