German History: Topic 1 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
Franco Prussian War dates
A
1870-71
2
Q
Reasons for Franco Prussian War
A
- Leopold von Hohenzollern set to become King of spain but as he was part of Prussian Royal family, Napolean III felt this was a threat to France as could lead to a German-Spanish allience
- Bismarck then sent the Ems Telegram which was sent from Wilhelm I but altered by Bismarck in order for it to inflame Public opinion
- This led to France declaring war on Prussia
3
Q
Consequenes of Franco-Prussian War
A
- Jan 18th German Empire was declared in the Palace of Versaille
- Treaty of Frankfurt (May 1871) was created
4
Q
Terms of Treaty of Frankfurt
A
- Alsace-Lorraine ceded to Germany
- France made to pay war indemnity
- German troops occupy Northern provinces of France
- Nationalism is popular in German states, Whilhelm I is Emporer of Germany (excludes Austria), Bismarck is Chancellor of German empire
5
Q
What crisis did Bismarck use in order to provoke confrontation with Austria
A
Scheswig-Holstein - it was invaded by Prussia and led to the end of Danish control in these provicnes (1864)
6
Q
Democratic aspects of constitution
A
- Elections held every 3 years
- Reichstag could question debate, agree to or reject a law proposed by Chancellor
- Bundersrat could initiate legislation and veto all legislation except for a budget approved by the Reichstag
- Most Bundersrat decisions were decided by an authority vote
- Reichstag members elected by males over 25 years
7
Q
Undemocratic aspects of the consitution
A
- Kaiser gave assent to all laws
- Kaiser had final say in disputes over constitution
- Government was appointed and dismissed by Kaiser
8
Q
‘Prussia-dominated’ aspects of the Constitution
A
- Prussia controlled 2/3 territory of new German Empire - 3/5 of population
- The King of Prussia (Wilhelm I) was the Emperor of Germany
- Minister President of Prussia (Bismarck) was the new German Chancellor
- Civil service and bureaucracy follow that of Prussia
- Law codes follow that of Prussia
- Imperial army modelled on Prussian army
- Prussia dominated Bundersrat with 17/58 representatives - only 14 are needed to pass a law and Prussia was only the 26th largest state
9
Q
National Liberals (NL)
A
- est. 1867, by those who supported German Unification and during 1870s were enthusiastic supporters of Bismarck in the Reicshtag
- Party of Protestant middle class
- Supported by wealthy, well-educated men like bankers, merchants and civil servants
- Pro- free trade, strong Germany and constitutional Liberal state
- Post 1875 grew more conservative as members threatened by strong SPD
10
Q
First Moroccan crisis and its impact
A
Germany wanted to challenge France’s control over Moroccow which aggrevated Britain and France - Algecircas Conference 1906 of mostly European countries affirmed French control
This worserned German relations with France and Great Britain which strengthened the new Anglo-French entente
11
Q
Terms of the Constitution: Kaiser
A
- hereditary monarch
- appointed and dismissed chancellor and other minister
- could call/ dissolve the Reichstag
- command army directly
- Controlled foreign policy, including right to make treaties and alliances and declare war if attacked
- gave assent to all laws with the chancellor
- Devised policies and laws in consultation with chancellor, ministers and Bundersrat
- Had final display in any result over constitution
12
Q
Terms of Constitution: Reichstag
A
- Members elected by males over 25 years
- Deputies had right to free speech
- Elections every 3 years by indirect voting system which varied in different regions
- Gave consent to all laws (annual budget, taxes ect)
- Able to question, debate, agree to or reject a law proposed by chancellor
- Couldn’t ammend law
- Couldn’t demand dismissal of chancellor or other minsiters
13
Q
Terms of Constitutions: Government (chancellor and ministers)
A
- Appointed and dismissed by Kaiser
- Decided outlines of policy with Kaiser/ Bundersrat
- Chancellor and Kaiser gave assent to all laws
14
Q
Terms of Constitution: Bundersrat
A
- 58 representatives from 25 state governments
- Presided over by chancellor
- Could initiate legislation
- Decisions decided by majority vote except proposal to change constitution which needed majority of 14
- Had to approve new laws - with Reichstag, Kaiser and Chancellor
- Could veto all legislation except budget approved by Reichstag
- Had to give approval to Kaiser for a declaration of war (when Germany was not under attack)
15
Q
Centre Party (Zentrum)
A
- founded 1870
- represented German Catholics but this meant that they were drawn from all social classes
- strong in southern German states like Bavaria and the Rhineland
- wanted to preserve position of Catholic Church -especially educationally
- Conservative regarding constitution - favoured greater decentralisation
- liberal in attitude towards social reform
-Reichstag representative was Ludwig Windthorst
16
Q
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
A
- founded 1875
- represented working classes and worked with trade unions
- supported reduction in power of elites adn extension of welfare reforms
- extreme members wanted to overthrow constitution
- majority were ready to work within it in order to bring about better conditions for the masses
17
Q
German Conservative Party (DKP)
A
- adopted DKP name in 1876
- represented Protestant and aristocratic Prussian Junker landowners
- most right wing of political groups adn detested Reichstag because it was elected by universal suffrage
- Generally supported Bismarck but sometimes concerned by his flirtations with nationalism and liberalism
- moderate force in Reichstag
- Dominant in Prussian Landtag - state government
18
Q
Free Conservatives (FKP)
A
- Known as German Reich Party in early years
- formed 1871
- represented industrialists and businessmen
- members strong supporters of Bismarck
- approved of Bismarck’s resort to liberalism in form of constitutional government
- geographically it had a wider base than DKP
19
Q
Wilhelm II personality and beliefs
A
wanted to surpass England’s economy and strength, obsessed with British Royal Navy, lonely, against socialists
20
Q
Wilhelm II beliefs as a ruler
A
- believed in Divine Right of Kings
- Claimed traditional authority as part of Hohenzollern dynasty
- needed to show his own strength, not happy with the passive role Wilhelm I played
- Keen interest in military
- Erratic moods
- Disinterested in day-to-day government
- Wanted to have a ‘personal rule’ - he directed policy with minimal contact with Reichstag
21
Q
what did Wilhelm II once claim he had never read
A
The Constitution
22
Q
How old and when did Wilhelm II come to power
A
1890 he was 27 years old
23
Q
What nickname did Wilhelm II have and why
A
‘Reisekaiser’ - travelling Emporer
he was always travelling and spend much time on his yacht.
24
Q
Wilhelm II parents
A
Fredrick of Prussia and Victoria (eldest daughter of Queen Victoria)
25
Why was Wilhelm II insecure
born with a short right arm so had a strict upbringing in attempt to overcome these
26
What dates was General Caprivi Chancellor for
1890-1894
27
What did Kaiser want from Caprivi and why did he pick him
Someone who would adopt a moderate approach to socialism and he wanted a military figure so selected Caprivi from a list of generals
28
What was Caprivi's 'New Course' for German politics
- end to anti-socialst laws
- more influence over policy-making for ministers
- reduction in tarrifs
- social reforms like recognition of trade unions, less working hours and progressive income tax
29
How did the German public take Caprivis reforms
Accepted by working class, socialists, industrialists, Zentrum and liberals
Opposed by Conservative Prussian Landowners and camarillo (cirlce of aristocracts)
30
What did Caprivi do in terms of the military budget
1893 - reduce military service from 3 to 2 years
allow Reichstag to chose military budget every 5 years instead of every 7
Then Reichstag increased size of army by 84,000 men
31
Relationship between Caprivi and the Chancellor
- found Kaiser difficult to work with
- interfered when Caprivi tried to allow Catholic and Protestant churches to get more control over education (bill withdrawn)
- Caprivi resigned
- Kaiser wanted a less independently minded chancellor
32
what dates was Chancellor Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst
1894-1900
33
Why did Kaiser select Hohenlohe
- 75
- posed no political threat
- more of a figurehead than anything else
- 'straw doll'
34
What did Hohenlohe do
- tried to do as Kaiser asked to introduce Socialist 'subversion'
- Introduced 1894 Subversion bill and 1899 Anti-Union bill, both thrown out by Reichstag as Conservative representatives were falling
- tried to pass a bill putting prison snetences on strikers that were harmful to public security but was rejected in Reichstag
35
What did the Kaiser start to do in terms with Chancellor Hohenlohe and why did he resign
- ignored him along with domestic affairs
- more interested in Weltpolititk
- they disagreed over colonial policy which provided Hohenlohe with an excuse to resign
36
What was Weltpolitik
an expansionist foreign policy
37
Weltpolitik and Admiral von Tirpitz
- wanted colonial expansion and development of the Navy
- Admiral von Tirpitz was Naval Secretary
38
when was Admiral von Tirpitz appointed
1897
39
What was the power that Tirpitz thought Weltpolitik had
who believed Weltpolitik had power to unite people from different backgrounds and overcome the differences that the government was facing in the Reichstag
40
General facts on Pan German League
established 1861
membership 25,000
anti-semetic
predominantly middle -class
41
Aims of Pan-German League
- unite ethnic Germans around the world
- aquire colonies
- suppress socialism and democracy
42
General facts on Navy League
established 1898
membership 500,000
43
Aims of Navy league
- promote naval expansion
- develop popular support for the Navy
- put pressure on Reichstag to pass Naval bills
- promote growth of colonies
44
General facts on Agrarian League
established 1893
membership 250,000
by 1913 membership 330,000
led by Junkers but lots were smallolders and tenant farmers
45
Aims of Agrarian League
- protect agricultural interests
- lobby or tariff protection to help farmers
46
General facts on Imperial League against Social Democracy
- establisehd 1904
- membership 200,000
- supported by heavy industry
47
Aims of Imperial League agaisnt Social Democracy
- slow/stop growth of socialism through propagandist campaigns
- promote conservative values
48
General facts on Industrialists' League
established 1895
members from manufacturing and export industries
favoured high tariffs to promote expors
49
Aims of Industrialists' League
protect manufacturing interests
promote exports
50
General facts on Army League
Established 1912
Membership 300,000 with 500 branches by 1914
51
Aims of Army League
- promote the expansion of the German Army and the part of the economy that supported it
- pressurise the Reichstag to pass army bills
52
What dates was Bulow Chancellor for
1900-1909
53
How did Bulow get position as Chancellor
- groomed for office by Kaiser Wilhelm's inner circle
- tried to flatter kaiser by visiting him every morning
-
54
Relationship between Kaiser and Bulow
- first Chancellor that Kaiser really trusted
- nicknamed 'the eel' as he really suck up to the Chancellor
55
What did Bulow do
- abandoned aggressively anti-socialist aspects of Sammlungspolitik
- tried to win support by appealing to patriotism
- 1902 new tariff law pleased industrialista nd appeased agrarian interest but fell short of what Agrarian League demanded
56
What happened to Socialist vote in 1903 and why
-Minister of the Interior developed social security in hope to draw socialist support, he introduced social reforms that the Socialists ended up taking credit for and also the electorate were worried about tariffs causing rising food prises which icnreased their votes
57
What social reforms did Posadowsky-Wehner, The Minister of the Interior introduce
- extended accident and health insurance
- introduced new rules for abritration of industrial disputes
58
What reforms (between 1904-6) resulted from socialist pressure
1904 - introduction of secret ballot
1906 - establishement of payment for Reichstag deputies which allowed lower,middle and working class men with no other income to put themselves forward as deputies
59
what happened to relationship between Kaiser and Bulow 1905
- not harmonious anymore
- Bulow failed to win support of Reichstag and approval needed for Kaiser's increased military spending
60
what were Bulow's financial problems in 1906
- income raised by new tariff laws insufficient but when he tried to force increased taxes - Bulow opposed by SPD and also Zentrum
- 1906 introduced a small tax on legacies which SPD and Zentrum supported but hostility from Conservatives and Bundersrat
61
what coalition did Bulow negotiate in 1907
- Bulow bloc
- consisted of conservatives, members of Agrarian League and also Liberals
- aimed to avoid reliance on the Zentrum following Hottentot election
- It won an overwhelming victory but was difficult to hold together
62
Hottentot election
1907
Zentrum and SPD were critical of the government's imperial policies in the South-West Africa so forced and election
However, a campaign was set up against these two parties making them seem unpatriotic and they lost a lot of votes - particularly SPD
63
Hottentot election results for SPDs
1903 - 81 seats
1907 - 43 seats
64
Dates of Chancellor Bethman-Hollweg
1909-1917
65
Kaisers thoughts on Bethamn Hollweg
Relationship not as strong as with Bulow but Wilhelm was happy as he was able to take personal control over military and foreign affairs
66
What tasks did Bethman Hollweg face
had to reconcile budget deficiet with demands for increased military expenditure and had to put up with continuous demands from the left wing
67
What reforms did Socialists want in the Bethman-Hollweg period
wanted to reform the 3-stage voting system of the Prussian Landtag in 1910 but this was defeated by a combinaion of Progressives adn Conservatives
1911 the introduction of male suffrage at 21 years was passed
68
Failures of Bethman Hollweg
- failed to push the 'patriotism' theme an 1in 3 Germans voted from the SPD which became the largest party in the Reichstag
- Chancellor could no longer win majorities for his policies with the SPD and Progressive Liberals having a left-wing majority
- had to lobby for support when measures arose as he couldn't rely on any fixed groupings of parties
69
What change did the army experience in 1913
a large increase in size which was opposed by SPD but only passed as it was finded by a special 'defence tax' on the value of propertu which met opposition from Conservatives
70
What happened to Bethman Hollweg in 1913
a vote of no confidence was passed agaisnt him in the Reichstag but the Kaiser kept him in office and stopped trying to work through the Reichstag, issuing imperial decrees without consulation of approval
71
What was the German Socialist party by 1914
the largest Socialist party in Europe
72
'Erfurt Programme'
was drawn from Socialist Party conferences in 1891 and demanded the abolition of class rule, equal rights and use of income tax, property tax and inheritance tax for government revenue
These were all marxist principles
73
What outlook did SPD increasingly hold
a moderate outlook
74
August Bebel's theory and who he was
along with others had theory of gradual socialism in order to acheive socialists long term goal of constitutional change
- Chairman of SPD from 1892 until death in 1913
75
What did socialist revolutionists fail to do and why
failed to challenge the Kaiser even after Daily Telegraph interview and Zabern Affair when it would have been quite easy to do do - this was probably because of the desire not to appear unpatriotic in the face of growing nationalist feelings
76
Which Socialists in particular were still traditional Marxists who believed in more revolutionary methods
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
77
What effect did continuence of revolutionary slogans have on SPD
made it harder for parties such as Liberals to support them
provided an excuse for Right Wing elites to attack them
78
What effect did the governments attempt to make enemies of socialists do
prevented compromise and helped split German society into 2 opposing extremes
79
What did Sammlungspolitik do to socialists
made them become almost enemies of the state (Reichsfiende)
79
When was General Federation of Trade Unions founded and why was it needed
1890 - it was needed as growing industrialism and urbanisation encouraged the growth of Trade Unions - founded by Carl Legien
80
How many members did free trade unions have by 1913
2.5 million - became Europe's largest labour organisation
81
How many trade unionists in other associations
3.3 million
82
What political parties were in the centre
Zentrum and Liberals
83
Which political parties represented anti-socialist and anti-democratic right wing views of Reichstag
German Conservatives and Free Conservatives
also supported by many right wing pressure groups
84
What did right-wing parties want
expansionist foreign policy, aquisition of colonies, increased military spending, high tariffs againt foreign imports
85
Why was Weltpolitik introduced
- Colonies and raw materials were needed if Germany were to avoid stagation
- Conservative pressure groups all favoured expansion
86
German naval expansion
- Navy only ranked 7th in world
- wanted German Navy to rival Britains
- Navy League had financial support from industrialists and put pressure on Reichstag
87
1898 Naval Bill
- proposed building 16 major ships
- carried 212 votes to 139 (opposed by both right - more money to army- and left - opposed too much military spending)
88
1900 second Naval Bill
- proposed building 3 battleships a year for the next 6 years
- passed by an even greater majority
89
Eduard Bernstein
- joined SPD 1872
- immigrated to Switzerland after Anti-Socialist law passed
- 1901 returned to Germany
- held revisionist view which put him into conflict with the left of SPD
- he was right wing of SPD
90
revisionist view
the best way to obtain socialism in an industrialised country is through trade union and parliamentary politics
91
Karl Liebknecht
- became member of SPD in 1900
- opposed revisionist view of Bernstein
- wrote extensively agaisnt militarism
- elected to Reichstag in 1912
- Left wing of the party
92
Why were socialists not such a threat
- wouldn't confront power of state as working class had too much to lose
- most socialist deputies of the centre committed to democratic socialism and dampened down revolutionary feelings
- many socialist leaders had respect for monarchy
93
Key events of Eulenburg scandal
- 1907
- Journalist Maximilian Harden accused Wilhelm and his inner circle of having pacifist tendencies and meetings of homoerotic nature
- He created explicit cartoons that couldn't be ignored
- all those tainted by scandal were dismissed which made the scandal enter the public eye
- 5 court cases over 2 years
- Eulenburgs court case lasted till his death in 1921
- Wilhelm cut ties with the accused - even good friend Eulendburg
- few people believed Kaiser was involved
- Wilhelm looked for new advisors in military circles - many were Prussian and preached European War was inevitable
- Harden believes this to be biggest political mistake in his life
94
Key events of Daily Telegraph interview
- 1908 28th October British Daily Telegraph released interview with Wilhelm
- Transcript sent to Germany to be checked over but Wilhelm delegated this to Bulow
- Bulow and other senior advisors not available
- it ended up with a junior clerk who didn't feel authorised to alter Kaiser's words
- The interview was released of the Kaiser's unfiltered words said within a private conversation on holiday
- He said 'You English are mad, mad, mad as March hares'
- Claims Wilhelm was in Anglo-Phile minority in Germany
- Bragged his ideas won Britain the Boer War
- Interview offensive to most European Nations
- Bulow resigned = Kaiser feeling betrayed
95
Key events of General von Hulsen-Haeseler scandal
- 1908
- Kaiser's friend Hulsen-Haeseler wanted to lighten mood of hunting trip by dressing up as ballerina
- He danced in a pink tutu and everyone lightened up
- He then had a heart attack and seizure, collapsed on floor and died
- the matter of death was hushed, stripped of pink clothes
- Wilhelm couldn't take another hit so had nervous breakdown and wasn't seen by public for months
96
Key events of Zabern Affair
- 1913
- Town in Alsace where German troops were stationed
- 20 y/o German officer responded to teasing by calling Alsatian recruites 'Wackes' (hated nickname)
- Officer punished
- locals read incident in newspaper and demonstrated against the arrogance
- German soldiers ordered to disperse crowd
- 15 people arrested
- Despite Liberal press outcry, Wilhelm condoned military action
97
What happened between 1871-1913 with the reputation of German products
'made in germany' was beginning to be associated with well made products
98
when was the great stock market crash
1873
99
Flottenpolitik
First became popular in 1898 - The idea of building up the German Navy so Germany could become a bigger world power
100
When was world trade recession
1873-1896 - 'Great depression'
101
Coal production between 1871-1913
1871 - 29.4 million tonnes
1890 - 109.3 million tonnes
1913 - 191.5 million tonnes
102
Steel production between 1871-1913
1871 - 0.2 million tonnes
1890 - 2.2 million tonnes
1913 - 17.9 million tonnnes
103
German railway network between 1871-1913
approx.
1871 - 21,500km
1880 - 33,800km
1890 - 42,800km
1913 - 63,000km
104
Why was German economy growing so quickly
- population growth
- availability of raw materials e.g coal in Ruhr, iron ore and potash in Alsace-Lorraine
- Geographical advantages like navigable rivers (Rhine + Elbe)
- Very good education system - best in world
- German banking was free from state control and heavily in industrial research and number of banks increased (49 in Prussia) - encouraged investment and bank worked largely with industry
- development of largeer business and organisations-cartels
- Industrial development supported by Bismarck's tariffs and Caprivi's trade treaties and measures
105
In 1870 how many science graduates were there in Germany
in munich (one uni) there were more science graduates than in the whole of England at the time
106
By 1913 how much of the world's electrical trade did Germany control
half
£11 million worth of electrical goods, Britain and USA combined exported £8 million
107
In 1907 what % of population was still employed in agriculture
35%
108
How many tonnes of potatos were Germany producing a year by early 20th century
40 million tonnes
109
What was happening to tariffs from 1879
they were substantially increasing
110
What were tariffs good for
helped farmers as they prevented cheap Russian and American grain imports from flooding German market
111
why were tariffs bad
kept food prices high for German consumers and hindered diversification away from grain-growing
112
Evidence for agricultural decline 1871-1914
- Agricultural prices fell
- bad harvests 1870s led to cheap importation of USA grain
- new railways and roads exposed farmers to competition from previously isolated rural communities
- many peasants abandoned agriculture and moved to industrial towns
- population in agriculture fell
- share of agriculture making up GNP fell
113
statistics on agricultural GNP fall
fell from making up 35-40% of GNP to 25% GNP
114
statistics on population employed in agriculture
fell from 50% of population in 1871 to 35% in 1914
115
Evidence against agricultural decline 1871-1914
- growth of towns and protection given to grain growers (after 1879) created opportunities for more enterprising farmers to supply to domestic market
- farm machinery and chemical fertilisers are cheaper and more available
- over 4 million acres land under cultivation 1880-1900
- cultivators of rootcrops did better - potatoes and sugar beet
- cultivation of land bettter organised
116
why was cultivation of land better organised
businessmen-farmers looked to farm profitably and employ large numbers of cheap seasonal workers
117
Where did German merchants distrubute goods overseas
Europe, North and South America, Africa and Asia
118
What did German merchants sell overseas
chemicals, metal goods, machinery, textiles, coal
119
Benefits of German merchants selling overseas
helped pay for imports of food, raw materials and some manufactured goods
120
How much did German exports and imports grow between 1880-1913
it grew by four times!
buying £200 million worth of foreign goods
selling £153 million worth
121
amount in £ that buying and selling in Germany increased to from 1890-1913
1890 - buying £200 million worth of foreign goods
selling £153 million worth
1913 - imports got to £526 million adn exports £495 million
122
In terms of economy, what did Bismarck support in 1870s and why
Free trade as economy strong enough to support itself
123
Which groups in Germany support protectionist policy
Junker agricultural interest and German manufacturers
124
What was formed in 1878 to lobby for economic change of protectionism
Central Association of German Manufacturers
125
When and why were tariffs introduced
1879 in response to the allience of steel and rye between Junkers and manufactures in Central Assocation of German manufacturers
126
What did Caprivi negotiate in 1890s
trade treaties with Russia, Austria and Romania
this was criticised by Conservatives
127
What happened economically after Caprivi was dismissed in 1894
high tariffs on industrial and agricultural imports remained until 1914
128
Which chemical industries did Germany lead in
fertiliser dyes and pharmaceutical products
129
What did share of global shipbuilding rise to
11%
130
Change in rural and urban population in 1871 and 1910
1871 - 64% rural: 36% urban
1910 - 40% rural: 60% urban
131
society - Elites
- landed aristocracy
- at top
- Prussian Junkers and military officers
- landed elite made fortune in industry and manufacturing e.g Krupps
- lived in spacious homes or country estates run by servants
- actively involved in politics
132
society -'upper' middle class
- fairly new
- industrial managers and experts
- educated professionals like doctors and lawyers
- comfortable houses
- paid for childrens education
133
society - lower middle class
- white collar workers like clerks and businessmen
- proud of position even if not that much wealthier than workers
- aspirational and wanted education for children
- tended towards conservatives in politics
-
134
society - urban working class
- divided
- top, foremen and highly skilled workers - conscious of their percieved superiority
- middle, semi-skilled workers like coal miners
- lower, unskilled workers who were most vulnerable to to economic fluctuations and lay offs - largely apolitical and uniterested in revolutionary advancement
135
society - peasants
- worked in countryside
- substantial peasant proprietors employed others
- landless laborours had precarious life travelling from one farm to the other for seasonal employment
- sometimes interested coincided with Junkers
- victims of industrial change
136
Life of women in high societal rank
leisurely maybe partaking in charitable work
137
life of women in a middle/high rank
homeowners
138
1914 life of lower middling rank of women
took opportunities such as office work (number of working women still small)
139
life of working class and peasant women
manual labourers
140
how did industrial change affect women
- some women got jobs in bigger factories
- growing number of illegitimate children and believed spread of prostitution
141
rights of women in late 1800s
- no vote
- restricted legal status
- their property became their husbands at marriage
142
name of organisation for womens rights - when?
1890s some intellectuals began to question role of women
Deutscher Frauvereine 1894 campaigned for womens rights and increased educational opportunities
August Bebel wrote tracts on female equality -SPD campaigned for female vote
143
Who did some people with right wing views blame for growing liberalism
the jews
144
National minorities - Danes
- Region: Schelswig Holstein
- The worry: Danes had own customs, language and traditions and wished to re-join Denmark
- Dealt with: Promised Austria public vote would be held to determine future of Northern Schelswig but abandoned this and followed a policiy of Germanisation
- Outcome: Dane refused to take German citizenship and some were deported
145
National Minorities - French
- Region: Alsace and Lorraine
- The worry: Alsace repeatedly elected deputies committed to separation of the area from Germany
- Dealt with: Pro-French citizens encouraged to leave the area (400,000 between 1870-1914), humane governers such as Edwin Von Manteuffel were appointed
- Outcome: Zabern Affair shows they were never fully united
146
National Minorities - East Prussia
Region: East Prussia
The worry: largest non-German minority so fears of independant polish state that could claim Prussian land
Dealt with: Attempt from Bismarck to Germanise poles
Outcome: Germanisation slightly sucessful but poles still had own clubs and political parties
147
National minorities - Jews
Region: East Prussia
The worry: Very successful due to value on education so were envied
Dealt with: They were expelled and some were vitims of violence and political parties adopted discriminatory policies towards them
Outcome: Regarded as 'not proper Germans' by other people
148
Between 1885-86 how many Poles and Jews did Bismarck expell and why
34,000
Claimed they crossed into Germany from Russia and Austria
149
From when was Germany the only language permitted in schools
1878
150
How big was Zentrum in 1871
- second largest party
- 63 deputies
151
Doctrine of Papal Infallability
1870 made by pope, stated that on matters of morality and faith the Pope couldn't be wrong
152
When and what was Syllabus of Errors
1864 - pope declared Catholic Church to be opposed to liberalism, nationalism and 'recent civilisation'
153
When were Jesuits forbidden from preaching in schools
May 1872
154
When and what were May/Falk Laws
- 1873
- Put Catholic education under state supervision including education of Preists
- Only those who studied in germany and passed state exam could be Priests
- Existing Priests required to retrain and prove loyalty to state
- Civil marriage ceremony made compulsory
- State financial aid to Catholic Church ended
155
When was registration of births, marriages, death in Prussia taken over from Church to the State
1874
156
By what time were all catholic bishops of prussia and polish bishops imprisoned or exiled
1876
157
Why did Bismarck end Kulturkampf
- closer allience with Catholic Austria
- suspected centre party supporting French who wanted revenge for Alsace Lorraine
- change in economic policy needed support
- Needed Protestant Conservative support who thought Kulturkampf promoted anti-clericalism
- working class support for socialism was a greater threat (Catholic Church declared opposition to socialism)
158
Balance of trade
Difference in value between exports and imports
159
GNP
total value of all goods and services in a nation's economy including income derived from assests abroad
160
coal production increase
29 million tonnes in 1871 to 70 million tonnes in 1890
161
Urban population increase
36.1% in 1871 to 42.5% in 1890
162
How many railway lines did Germany have in comparison to the UK
Germany had 42,869 whereas UK had 27,827
163
How much did the industrial workforce increase
5.49 million workers to 7.95 million workers
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Positive Consequences of economic growth
- medical imprivements like inoculations and developments in hygine
- Employment rates in the city were high
- Leisure opportunities improve with spread of transport and creation of cinema
- New farming techniques from industrialisation
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Negative consequences of economic growth
- cramped and over populated cities like Essen from 1870 to 1910 increased from 50,000 to 300,000
- women were second class citizens and losts their property rights upon marriage
- 200,000 trade union workers per year went on strike between 1905 and 1913
- women suffered sexual exploitation
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What was the 'Spirit of 1914'
Most people were feeling very patriotic and almost excited for the war
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Burgfriede?
- political truce
- put the nation first
- agreed by all political parties even SPD
- lasted well over first 2 years of war with no opposition
- doubts expressed after Verdun and Somme
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Who were the first SPD members of parliament to vote against war credits
Karl Liebknecht and Otto Ruhle
