German History: Topic 3 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
People more likely to vote for the Nazis
A
- Workers
- Self employed
- Rural workers
- Impoverished members of middle class
- Proletarians
- Unemployed
- Farmers
- Protestants
- Younger people
- Peasants
2
Q
Less likely to vote for Nazis
A
- Civil and domestic servants
- Catholics
- Older people
3
Q
Was voting for the Nazis a people’s movement
A
Yes
4
Q
Long term reasons for failure of Weimar
A
- Lack of legitimacy
- Crisis in 1923 caused people to lose faith in democracy
- Stab in the back mythology
- Growth of politcal extremism
- Proportional representation
- Lack of strong leadership
- Article 48
5
Q
Short term reasons for failure of Weimar
A
- The great depression
- Political betrayal
6
Q
What was the change in unemployment after the Wall street crash
A
1929 - 1.8 million
1932 - 5.6 million
7
Q
what was the impact on banks and businesses of the wall street crash
A
1931 - 5 major banks collapses and 50,000 businesses bankrupted
8
Q
After the wall street crash what did exports fall by
A
55%
1929 - £630 million
1932 - £280 milion
9
Q
How was the depression felt by German people
A
- All manual industrial workers faced long unemployment
- Middle class struggled - no one wanted to buy their goods
- For agricultural workers agricultrial demand fell and the agricultiral depression deepened
- Widespread rural poverty and some tenant farmers evicted from homes
10
Q
Stages of decline of parliamentary democracy 1928-30
A
Muller led coalition government with majority support in Reichstag
11
Q
Stages of decline of parliamentary democracy 1930-33
A
presidential government in which Hindenburg dismissed Muller and he was succeeded by multiple chancellors who had little support and depened on Article 48
12
Q
Stages of decline of parliamentary democracy 1933
A
Dictatorship whe Hindenurg appointed Hitler as chancellor
13
Q
State of political parties in 1930
A
- party polarisation
- drift to extremism increases
- opposition to Das System
- KPD opposed to co-operation with SPD
- SPD and Ccentre were fragmenting
14
Q
Issues with SPD
A
out of touch and unimaginatively led
15
Q
issues with the centre party
A
they were becoming divided on social and economic policy
16
Q
Who was in the grand coalition led by muller
A
SPD
DDP
DVP
BVP
ZPa
17
Q
What was the issues with the grand coalition
A
plagued by internal divisions and couldn’t cope with economic crisis
18
Q
When and why did Muller resign
A
27 March 1930 as it became clear Hindeburg wouldn’t use emergency powers to back his government
19
Q
What did Germany’s elites manoeuvre and plot
A
Replace democratic institutions with right-wing authoritarian government
20
Q
Between March 1929-33 what did power increasingly rest on
A
Hindenburg and his supporters
Reichstag had less and less influence
21
Q
When was Muller chancellor
A
1920 march-june
1928-30
22
Q
what challenges did Grand Coalition government face
A
meeting increasing unemployment benefit claims from a welfare system that couldn’t handle such large numbers
23
Q
What could minsters in grand coalition not agree on
A
diverse political membership SPD-DVP
Couldn’t agree on financial demands
24
Q
What happened in March 1930
A
entire cabinet resigned
25
After the entire cabinet resigned what clause in the constitution was ignored
the one that stated that the president should appoint a Chancellor who was able to command a majority
26
What was Muller leader of
SPD in 1906 was right of the party, cooperated with Kaiser
27
Who was Bruning
leader of the Zentrum
28
What did Bruning do when he couldn't command a majority for new finance reform bill
used article 48 - first time this had been used for a measure rejected by Reichstag
29
July 1930 what did Bruning ask Hindenburg to do
dissolve the Reichstag
30
Result of september 1930 elections
major gains for extremists - nazis and communists
31
how many minor bills vs emergency decrees were used / passed 1930-32 by Bruning/Reichstag
29 minor bills
109 emergency decrees
32
What were some of Bruning's successes
he persuaded Allies to end reparations
1932 introduced ban on Nazi SA - wanted to curb street violence
33
What caused more voters to vote extremist parties - Bruning
Bruning's austerity programme that involved higher taxes and decreased public spending
34
why did hindenburg lose confidence in Bruning
march 1932 presidential election was due and hindenburg annoyed as Bruning failed to win support for a plan to change the constitution giving Hindenburg indefinite power
35
Who was Horst Wessel
Martyr created by Joseph Goebbels after he was killed in 1930 by political enemies
36
How did Hitler increase his influence
- propaganda and appealing to people
- tried to work with DNVP
37
what was an acknowledgement of the Weimar system breaking down in Papen's government
Papen wasn't members of the Reichstag and nor was his cabinet
38
How did Papen want to make the government work
winning support of Nazis
39
Did Papen like Hitler
appreciated anti-communist views
as an aristocract he looked down on HItler
40
When did Papen lift the SA ban
June 1932
41
What did Papen do in 1932
forced authoritatian control over Prussia in the Prussian coup
42
What happened in july 1932 elections
extremist parties made even larger gains
43
Who increasingly voted for Hitler in July 1932 elections
middle class, including those who never bothered to vote
farmers and the unemployed
44
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What did Nov 1932 elections demonstrate for Nazis
they had passed their peak
45
What lost Hitler the support of the Middle Class around the time of the 1932 elections
his attacks on Papen
economic situation bettered meaning radical ideologies seemed less urgent
46
What was the results of the vote of no confidence between Hitler and the KPD
won 512-42 which forced Papen to seek another dissolution
47
nazi vote drop in November 1932 elections
230 seats (37.3%)
to 196 seats (33.1%)
still largest party though
48
What were Nazi's issues during nov 1932 elections
short on money
morale low
many questioned Hitler's position as vice-chancellor
electorate tired of repeated elections
49
How many seats did KPD gain and have
gained 11
had 100 in total
50
When was Schleicher appointed as chancellor
end 1932
51
Schleicher's thoughts on Nazis
didn' tlike them but saw their strength in Reichstag as being able to secure majority for new right wing presidential dictatorship
52
How does Schleicher try to split the Nazis
offered George Strasser position of vice-chancellor in order to attract the more socialist wing of the party
53
what happened on 4 jan 1933
meeting between Papen and Hindenburg who agreed Hitler would be head of the Nazi-Nationalists coalitions and Papen would be vice-chancellor
54
Who did Papen gain suppor from
major landowners, leaders of industry and the army
55
When did Hindenburg withdraw support for Schleicher as Chancellor
28 Jan 1933
56
When did Hindenburg agreed to sanction the creation of Nazi-Nationalist coalition
30 Jan 1933
57
When was Reichstag fire
27 Feb 1933
58
What happened Reichstag fire
- Probably arson by Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe acting alone
Exploited by Nazis to show danger of communist threat
59
When were the 1933 elections
5 march
60
How did government control 1933 elections
controlled radio, police, used unofficial pressure to intimidate opponents
61
what was the voter turnout of 1933 elections and how much of the vote did Nazis and nationalists get
turnout 88.8%
Nazi vote 44%
Nationalist allies 8%
62
1933 nazi election slogan
the battle against marxism
63
when and what was Day of Potsdam
21 march 1933
Propoganda coup by nazis engineered by goebbels
hitler shaking hands with hindenburg essential endorsed hitler
64
when was enabling law
23 march 1933
65
what was enabling law
passed by reichstag
Gave emergency powers to government for four years
66
what was enabling law passed by
441 to 94
67
what does enabling law kill
democracy
68
when were trade unions banned and what replaced them
2nd July 1933
replaced by german Labour movement
69
When were political parties eliminated and what happened
14 July 1933
KPD and SPD already banned and introduced laws against formation of new parties
Remaining parties dissolved themselves
70
When and what was the condordat with rome
20 July 1933
- Church banned from political activity
- Government to protect religious freedom
Zentrum is pushed out
71
When did Hindenburg die
2 August 1934
72
What does Hitler decide when Hindenburg dies
That he is in charge of consolidating his power base
73
When was Army Oath of loyalty and what did they pledge
1934 2 aug
They take a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler
74
When was the Night of the Long Knives
30 June 1934
75
Summary of night of the long knives
SS shoot SA leaders and other people they perceive as threats
76
What was Gleichschaltung
degeneration go Weimar's democracy and Nazifying of German society
77
In a speech in July 1933 what did Hitler warn of
Permanent state of revolution
The speech was an attempt to force radical elements of Nazi party to accept political compromise
78
What was Hitler's political dilemma in 1933
Behaviour of SA and party activists was beyong his control which didn't go down well with Conservative supporters like the army and civil service
79
by 1933 how many were in the SA
3 million
80
How did Hitler's 1933 speech go down
not great - it increased fears that he was willing to dilute the ideology of National Socialism
81
What did the SA represent and who were they
- Represented radical left wing of Nazis
- Quite a working class membership
82
Who was leader of SA
Ernst Rohm
83
what did Ernst Rohm call for in terms of the SAs future
a National Socialist Revolution
wanted to combine SA and army into a people's militia and he would be the leader
84
what power did the army have over Hitler
They had close ties with aristocracy and those higher up than Hitler so could unseat him
85
How did Hitler try to avoid a showdown with Rohm and the SA?
Called meeting between army leaders and the SA, tries to conciliate Rohm brining him into the cabinet
86
Why was Hindenburg's ailing health good for Hitler
He could essentially assume presidency without question and with army loyalty
87
What did Papen say in his speech in June 1933
He called for an end to SA and criticised the current policy of coordination
88
significance of night of the long knives
- German army endorse Nazi Regime
- SA disarmed and had no major political role
- Led to rise of SS
- Hitler secured his own personal political supremacy
89
What does Hitler merge when Hindenburg dies
the offices of Chancellor and President
90
When Hitler comes to power what is his new title
Fuhrer
91
What was another name for the enabling act
Law for Terminating the Suffering of the People and the Nation
92
What was the Law for Restoration of the Professional Civil service (and when)
April 1933
Enables Nazis to remove opponents and jews
