Germany 1890-1945: Democracy and Dictatorship Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
How was Germany ruled?
A
1871-Prussia most powerful Germanic state
When Germany unified Prussians formed a German army.
Kaiser ruled Germany.
EACH STATE SENT REPRESENTATIVES-BUNDESRAT. TO TALK ABOUT KAISER
2
Q
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II?
A
Became KAISER in 1888 at age 29. Grandson of Queen Victoria.
-At this time, Britain was most powerful and dominated trade.
KAISER WANTED INDUSTRIALISATION, BY 1913, GERMANY PRODUCED MORE IRON AND STEEL THAN BRITAIN.
3
Q
What was Kaiser Wilhelm’s system?
A
Kaiser was supported by advisers and ministers.
Chief minister=Prime minister.
Reichstag- PARLIAMENT ELECTED BY MEN OVER 25 YEARS OLD.
Reichstag discussed laws and Kaiser made own decisions related to army and foreign countries.
4
Q
Parliament government and growth of Socialism
A
-Germany made landowners rich.
-Army officers wanted to preserve influence on people and Kaiser.
-working conditions and food were expensive, More people wanted Kaiser to improve them.
5
Q
Social Democratic Party
A
-An arising party workers put together.
-They believed in socialism. Power and wealth should be equally distributed amongst people.
-People thought Kaiser should share power.
Some people wanted revolution over Kaiser.
6
Q
Germany before WW1
A
-Kaiser wanted to transform Germany to a global power with control over other countries-WELTPOLITIK which would help Germany take over countries and protect them.
-Kaiser was militaristic and wanted to rival British army.
-Taxed raised money and loans so Germany in debt
7
Q
Facts about the start to WW1
A
August 1914-WW1 began
-Germany suffered when Britain stopped supply ships to Germany.
-Shortage of food, medicine, clothing.
1915-500 WOMEN GATHERED ROUND Reichstag DEMANDING SOLDIERS TO COME BACK HOME.
1 year later-10,000 workers assembled in berlin.
8
Q
Impact of War
A
By 1918-Flu pandemic
-October-Ludendorff told politicians Germany wouldn’t win war.
-Told Kaiser that Europe would treat Germany fair it that were more democratic.
-Kaiser has to share power with parliament to achieve DEMOCRACY.
9
Q
What was the Turnip Winter?
A
Winter of 1916-1917, where people had to eat turnips, a food fit for cattle (profound hardship).
Was as a result of things like the blockade, which reduced supplies by over 33%.
10
Q
Mutiny and revolution
A
29 October 1918-GERMANY ATTACKED BRITISH MILITARY SHIPS. People didn’t follow these orders and mutiny news spreads.
9 November 1918-he abdicates and secretly left Germany.
11
Q
Consequences: The end of war?
A
Germany bankrupt-Lent money too allies
-6,000,000 war widows
- War pensions given out.
War in Germany- Factory owners made lot of money
- Restriction on wages of other jobs
Unstable Germany-Mutinies and revolution against government
- November criminals stopped and hated government as they ended the war.
12
Q
Who was the SPD leader
A
Friedrich Ebert
13
Q
Facts about revolutions in Germany after Kaiser left?
A
-Friedrich Ebert wanted to sign an armistice to end WW1
-He improved working conditions and freedom of religion.
-He declared Germany would be a democratic republic
14
Q
Who were the spartacists?
A
Political group= Spartacus League, believed in communism.
15
Q
What happened on 6th January 1919?
A
Spartacists took over Germany capital.
-Sent 2000 soldiers and after the fighting, Ebert sent the Free corps who captured the buildings and arrested Karl Liebknecht and ROSA Luxembourg the spartacist leaders.
-Free corps murdered them and the Spartacus revolt was over.
16
Q
How the Weimar Republic arised?
A
January 1919-Ebert held an election where the SPD won most votes and Ebert became the new German president.
-Ebert and other presidents met on 11 February 1919 in Germany called the WEIMAR REPUBLIC.
17
Q
What were the FREE CORPS?
A
A group of former soldiers that had fought in WW1.
18
Q
The Structure of The Weimar Constitution?
A
-It was very fair.
-Women over age of 20 could vote.
19
Q
Facts about the President?
A
-Elected
-Controlled army, navy and air force
-Stayed out of day-day running of the country however, he ruled without permission of Reichstag
20
Q
Facts about the Chancellor
A
-Chosen by president.
-Responsible for day-day running of country e.g. law and order and taxation.
-Must have the support of at the least half MPS in Reichstag.
21
Q
What was the Weimar Republic
A
In 1919, politicians drew up the Weimar CONSTITUTION.
-It was far more democratic system than when Kaiser was there to introduce new laws.
22
Q
The Reichstag facts
A
-Discussed and introduced laws.
-Members of the Reichstag were elected every 4 years.
-USED PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.
23
Q
The German people (electorate) facts
A
All men and women over age of 20 could vote.
-They elected the President and politicians in the Reichstag.
-The constitution guaranteed them basic freedoms such as free speech.
24
Q
How was Germany treated due to the Treaty Of Versailles?
A
TOV STATED-
-War was Germany fault had to pay 6.6 billion dollars back
-The money is to be paid to the winners in instalments.
-Germany only allowed small army (100,000 soldiers), small navy, and no submarines or air force.
-Germany had to give colonies over.
-Anschluss banned
-No German soldiers allowed in Rhineland.
25
What were the German reactions to TOV?
German hated the treaty for 3 reasons, Germans felt it was too harsh.
-Treaty took large areas of land meaning less jobs for population.
-Felt humiliated with how country was being treated.
-THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES WAS A DIKTAT- DICTATED PEACE.
26
How much did loaf of bread cost in 1921, September 1923, November 1923?
1921- 4 marks
September 1923- 1.5 million marks
November 1923- 201 billion marks
27
Weakness of Weimar Republic?
-Proportional Representation-Political parties were able to win seats in the Reichstag.
-With no majority, the leading party had to do deals with smaller groups in order to get anything done.
-Upper class didn't like this and November criminals were changing the way Germany was being ruled.
28
Using what resource did the Weimar pay back the first 2.2 billion gold marks to France and Belgium?
Iron, wood, coal.
29
What was the Ruhr?
-Rich industrial area of Germany.
30
How did Germany pay back the reparations in 1922?
-Germany struggled severely with paying back the second instalment.
- In January, 60,000 France and Belgium soldiers marched into the Ruhr and took control of the factory, mine, railway in the region. They took goods from the shops and arrested any German who was in the way.
31
Did invading the Ruhr go against the League of Nations?
-Yes it did and France were considered the League most powerful members and they violated the code of conduct.
32
How many people died and how many Germans expelled from their homes?
132 killed, 150,000 forced out of homes
33
How did Germany react to the occupation of the Ruhr in 1922?
-Forced people to go on strike which was disastrous compared to patriotic.
-The Ruhr was the richest economic area in Germany so produced lots of wealth for the country meaning economy started to suffer as people stopped producing goods.
34
What were the Consequences of the occupation of the Ruhr?
-Government paid people back and started printing more money , meaning Germany did not have the financial stability they once had.
-Hyperinflation
35
What were the impacts of hyperinflation?
-Weimar lost support in 1923 due to hyperinflation
-People paid per hour and rushed to pass money around
-Pensioners were on fixed incomes so suffered a lot and eventually became worthless.
-Businesses collapsed
-People who borrowed money were easily able to pay debts back.
36
What were left wing beliefs?
-Workers should have power and rule the country.
-There should be equality
-Change is welcome and encouraged
-Views should be spread across the world
37
What were right wing beliefs?
-Strong leaders should rule over the people.
-Major differences in class and race.
-Own country should be strong and powerful.
Change not welcome.
38
What was the kapp putsch
-March 1920, Wolfgang Kapp gathered 5000 men from Free Corps and took over capital.
-He wanted to take over land lost in Treaty of Versailles.
-PRESIDENT EBERT AND GOVERNMENT FLED THE COUNTRY.
-Kapp didn't have the workers support and they went on strike, no gas or water as a consequence.
-After 100 hours, KAPP LEFT AND EBERT CAME BACK.
39
What were Examples of political murders in Germany (1919-1922)?
1919-1922, 350 political murder in Germany, by right-wing extremists.
-august 1921-MATTHIAS ERZEBERGER SIGNED ARMISTICE IN 1918 DEAD AND THREW ACID ON PHILLIP SCHNEIDEMANN, a politician
40
What was the red rising in the Ruhr?
March 1920-Left wing in Ruhr stayed on strike.
-They took over towns and this was the RED RISING.
-Government sent soldiers and free corps to deal with it and 1000 WORKERS DIED.
41
What was Hitler’s lifespan?
1889-1945
42
What job did Hitler want to succeed in?
Vienna Art academy
43
What did Hitler do during WW1?
-Worked mainly as a messenger.
-Fought in battles
-He was awarded several medals (bravery award).
-Injured October 1918
44
What party did Hitler discover in May 1919?
German workers party
45
What did the German workers party change to?
-Nazi party
46
Key facts about the Nazi party
-Hitler designed the swastika
-Set up thugs named stormtroopers.
-Nazi party grew from 300-5000 in 1 year.
Hitler grew confident about Nazi party.
47
When was the Munich putsch?
8 November 1923
48
What was the Munich putsch?
-Interrupted a meeting in a beer hall with Gustav von Kahr
-Hitler fired bullet demanding we would take over Bavaria (region in Germany).
-General Ludendorff supported Hitler and locked Kahr in a small room.
49
What were consequences for Munich putsch on Hitler?
-Hitler and supporters met police and had gun battle
-Hitler had dislocated shoulder, 16 lay dead, 3 policeman dead.
-Ludendorff sent to prison, Hitler on trial.
50
What were facts about Hitler’s trial?
-Trial lasted 24 days
-Ludendorff set free
-Hitler in prison for 5 years sentence only lasted 9 months cause he was let out early.
51
What was Mein Kampf?
-My struggles
-Described social and political views
-Released from prison December 1924
52
What was the impact of the Munich Putsch on Hitler?
-Hitler realised he would have to win fairly.
-He had to win power democratically
-wanted to destroy communism.
53
Who was Gustav Stresemann?
1878-1929
-Stresemann was chancellor in 1923 but is known for being foreign minister in 1924 until his death 1929.
54
How did Stresemann deal with Hyperinflation?
Hyperinflation:
-Stresemann solution:-stopped printing old money and replaced it with RENTENMARK, which can be exchanged with old currency.
1924-replaced with Reichsmark which remained there for 25 years.
Success?
-Yes it was a success as hyperinflation ended but people lost their savings and blamed him.
55
How did Stresemann deal with French and Belgian occupation int he Ruhr?
French and Belgian troops invaded the rich industrial area of the Ruhr when Germans stopped paying reparations.
-Stresemann solution: -Met with Charles Dawes (Dawes Plan)
-USA to lend money to Germany (800 million gold marks).
-Germany could begin to restart paying reparations, DAWES PLAN.
56
What was the Young Plan?
Was put in place in 1929. The reparations were cut down from £6.6 billion to £1.8 billion- and Germany was given longer to pay it.
57
How did Stresemann improve Germany's international relations?
Germany was no longer considered a great power. Since WW1, Germany status in world declined. Stresemann determined to improve Germany image aboard.
-Stresemann solution:
-In 1925, Germany signed the Locarno pact with Britain, France Belgium and Italy. They promised to never invade each other.
-Germany joined the League of Nations in 1926 as a result.
-1928, Kellogg-Briand Pact signed (not to go to war unless in defence). Signed by Aristide Briand and Frank B. Kellogg.
Success?-Germany gained its international status, some right wing Germans demanded land back from THE TOV TERMS THAT WERE PUT IN PLACE IN 1919.
58
How else did Stresemann use the Dawes Plan money?
German industries were in trouble after the war. Factorise were run down, and there were few jobs and poor schools, housing and hospitals.
-Stresemann solution:
-Built houses, factory, schools and roads. This meant more jobs, so more money.
Success?
-Yes, Germany became more prosperous and Germans were better off.
59
Were the Weimar recovered after these issues or not?
-There were still different political parties
-Nazis and communists continue to hate the politicians in the Reichstag.
1924- 5% Germans voted for Nazis
-However, farmers income were really low and middle-class had savings wiped by hyperinflation.
-Coalitions that were formed wasted time over deferring views.
60
What was Germany's golden age?
1920S are golden as new poets, performers, artists were being known for creativity and innovation.
-So controlled the entertainment at the time.
-Many Germany feel new freedom.
61
How did Cinema improve in Golden Age?
-Cinema became popular in Weimar Germany. For example, Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang was one of most technically advanced film of decade.
-Marlene Dietrich became a global star.
62
How did Nightlife improve in Golden Age?
-Germany became a centre for new plays, operas and shows. Berlin was famous for nightclubs with live bands playing American Jazz.
63
How did Literature and Art, design change in the golden age?
Literature- Writing became big business-120 newspapers and magazines to choose from. Anti-war novel 'All Quiet on the Western Front' by Erich Remarque, became a bestseller.
Art & Design- Avant-garde artists, such as Otto Dix and George Grosz believed art was reality of everyday life and tried showing difference in social class. Bauhaus (group of designers) believed in modern practical designs
64
What were the reactions to the cultural changes?
-Some embraced them, some hated it.
-Some people wanted to celebrate the old values of Germany.
-New clubs and paintings were leading Germany to moral decline.
-Nazis criticised these and banned the producers of the new changes.
65
What caused the Great Depression?
America grew rich during WW1 AND MANUFRACTURED GOODS LIKE CARS.
-In October 1929, The wall street crash occurred.
-America were not making as much from shares as they were wanting to so the share prices were dropping rapidly, causing people to sell their shares at a loss.
- Also, some people were unable to pay the banks back and debt collectors took their homes.
-Americans lost jobs and goods, business were shut down completely.
66
What was the impact of the Depression on Germany?
-USA brought goods from Germany, so could not afford goods from Germany after the depression.
-German factories, electrical goods, clothing had to shut down as no one was buying from them meaning nobody had a sufficient income and people became jobless.
-Businesses became bankrupt and people full of resentment, hunger, anger.
-People became open to radical solutions to their problems.
67
How popular were nazi party and how many votes did they receive in different elections?
-Received 800,000 votes in 1928 (Less than 3% population voted for them).
-July 1932-14 millions votes Nazi party, most popular.
68
Why were Germans annoyed with the Weimar government in 1920s?
-Weimar politicians didn't know how to tackle unemployment.
-Bruning tried making EMERGENCY DECREES AND ARTICLE 48.
Hindenburg didn't let Bruning help poor people so bruning resigned.
-Felt Democratic system was not working.
69
When did Communist party rise and what were the consequences for Hitler?
-1917, Communist revolution In Russia.
Communists did not believe in religious institutions.
-Hitler fought communists gangs by sending Stormtroopers.
-Hitler gained support from German middle and upper class due to fighting communists.
70
What was Hitler appearance like?
-Charismatic.
-Powerful
-Inspiring
-Allowed audiences in Germany to feel hope.
-Made them feel Germany was a great nation.
71
Nazi party structure & How was members recruited?
-100,000 men in SA by 1931, 400,000 by 1932. SA protected Hitler meetings
-Used propaganda with friend Joseph Goebbels. Used newspapers and leaflets to promote
-Hitler youth organisations
72
Who voted for Nazis
-Women as they had good morals and family life unlike Weimar Culture
-Young people as they wanted jobs in armed forces and other high paying jobs as well as restoring National Pride
-Middle class, they were worried about threat of communism and consequences of depression.
-Upper class as they would get wealthier supporting them on key issues.
73
When did Hitler become Chancellor?
30th January 1933
74
How Hitler become chancellor
-September 1930, Bruning wins and Nazis get 107 seats
-Hitler challenges Hindenburg for presidency in 1932 but lose 19.3 million to 13.4 million.
-Bruning resigned in July 1932 and Hindenburg appoint Franz von Papen, but he lacked support support so called election and Nazi was largest party with 230 seats(still not majority), so Hitler demands chancellor.
-Paul von Hindenburg refused to appoint Hitler as chancellor, so uses Article 48 to give job to von Papen.
-In November 1932, Von Papen called an election and with Nazis still as largest party, he resigned.
-Hindenburg made his friend Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor but had little support so resigned.
-30th January 1933 -Hindenburg and advisers put Hitler in power since they thought he could be controlled and put Von Papen as Vice Chancellor so Nazis only have two others in cabinet.
75
What happened because of the 1932 election and who ended up as chancellor?
-Lots of conflict on streets e.g. bomb plots, street fights, murders.
-Government was collapsing, Reich banner supported supported social democratic party and centre party.
-Hindenburg gave chancellor to Kurt von Schelicher however, he had no support so could not change laws, on 30th January 1933, Hitler became chancellor.
-Hindenburg used Article 48 by appointing Hitler as chancellor.
Hindenburg could not control Hitler growing power, he was too powerful.
76
How Hitler eliminated opposition?
-February 1933- Controlled police and arranged election.
-27th February-Reichstag burned down day before election due to a communist trying to take over country. (Marinus van der Lubbe)
-28th February- Hitler asked Hindenburg to pass protection law, giving Hitler power to deal with Germany problems. ie. Reichstag Fire.
-March 1933- "protection of people and state" set up. Communists put in prison.
-On 5th March- Nazis got lots of votes in election grew even more.
-23 March 1933- Centre Party politicians join nazis and forced to pass ENABLING ACT let him set laws without consulting with the Reichstag
-7 April 1933-Set up Gestapo to capture communists. and put in first concentration camp, Dachau.
-2 May 1933- Hitler banned trade unions.
-14th July 1933- Hitler banned all political parties except Nazis. "Law against the formation of new parties" set up which banned new ones being formed, if not followed put in prison for 3 years.
-30th June 1934-Knight of Long Knives
-2 August 1934-Hindenburg died and was President as well as chancellor. Army swore oath of loyalty to Hitler. NAMED "DER FUHRER".
77
What was the Night Of the Long Knives?
-Hitler thought SA were suspicious and became unemployed, gang members
-Rohm wanted to join SA and Hitler let him as it would allow them to grow more an be more powerful.
-THERE WERE RUMOURS ROHM WANTED TO SEIZE POWER FROM HITLER IS THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES OCCURRED.
-30th June 1934, Hitler and Schutzstaffel (SS) went into a Hotel killed Ernst Rohm and other SA members.
-Few days later, he killed 400 politicians along with old Chancellor Kurt Von Schleicher.
78
Impact of Night Of the Long Knives
-People that Hitler was close too died.
-Heinrich Himmler (SS leader) protected Hitler more, Gestapo were more important than ever in fighting rebels.
-Hitler was open about the murders so got away with them. MURDER WAS ENGRAVED INTO THE NAZI GOVERNMENT POLICIES NOW.
79
How did the Nazis tackle Unemployment?
-Nazis set up National Labour Service, men between 18 and 25 spend 6 months in it. They planted fortes, hedges and wore uniforms whilst living in camps. Given small wage unemployment dropped.
-Public Work Schemes: June 1933- Nazis created autobahns, giving work to 100,000 people, by 1938, 3800km highway built. Schools, hospitals built as well.
-Rearmament- Country rebuilding armed forces, jobs created in factory and businesses to earn more money. INTRODUCED CONSCRIPTION, FROM 1935 MEN AGE D 18-25 HAD TO BE IN ARMED FORCES FOR 2 YEARS. In 5 years, army grew from 100,000 to 1,400,000 giving more jobs.
-Nazis lied about unemployment rates and Nazis created jobs by sacking people so the figures were fake.
80
How did the Nazis control work?
-Hitler set up the DAF (DeutscheArbeitsfront) to replace trade unions, make striking illegal ,protect worker's right and condition of work. Ran 2 schemes to improve this:
-SDA(Schonheit der Arbeit): improvement of working spaces
be improving lighting, equipment etc.
-KDF(KraftdurchFreude): organised leisure activities to
promote hard work. Reward scheme of holidays and trips if
workers met target (still too expensive for working class).
-Hitler also create the affordable Volkswagen or people's car using the money for rearmaments instead.
81
How Hjalmar Schacht try to improve Germany economy?
Hitler knew he had to build businesses and industry to make sure Germany was not a laughing stock again after WW1.
-In 1933- appointed a minister of economics. Hjalmar Schacht realised for Hitler rearmament to grow, they needed materials so signed deals to better trading system with Europe. Making unemployment decrease.
-But Germany was dependent on foreign raw materials still.
-Schact sacked and Hermann Goering appointed next.
82
What was economy like under Hermann Goering?
1936- 4 year plan set up to ready Germany for war, wanted to increase military production which created more jobs.
-Germany still not ready for war not enough goods produced, Goering attempted to make Germany self-sufficient" as a result
83
How did Goering try to make Germany self-sufficient?
-They found alternatives or artificial substitutes.
Such as: -Petrol from coal. -Make-up from flour. -Coffee from acorns. -Artificial wool from wood pulp.
84
What is the keyword for self-sufficient?
Autarky
85
How did Hitler try and support Farmers due to help during Depression?
Positives:- Taxes reduced. -Could not be thrown off land if in debt. -Farmers could not divide land between children so farm was secured for generations.
Negatives:-Farmer children had to look for jobs in city instead. -In late 1930s Nazis controlled food prices.
86
In 1940 how many European countries did he defeat in a few weeks?
6
87
What broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop?
-22nd June 1941, Operation Barbarossa.
-He attacked the USSR, however, the Russian winter caused the Germans to stop fighting due to the weather.
88
What was the Battle of Stalingrad?
-Russians were pushing the Germans back easily.
-Over 80,000 Germans died and 90,000 surrendered.
-America and Britain were allies to Russia.
89
What was Total war in Germany?
-In 1942, Albert Speer is made Armaments Minister and organised the country of Total War, where all the country's efforts were for war and things that didn't contribute such as Beer Halls were closed.
90
What was the impact of WW2 on German lives in early 1940s?
-Rationing-
Supplies were in short e.g. food and clothing.
They were rationed.
-Had to deal with 2 days of hot water per week.
-Germany fully committed to the war after these.
-Severe Labour Shortages and refugees-
1942-Albert speer became Armaments Minister.
-Beer halls closed.
-He told everyone to get ready for Total war.
From 1942-
Britain and America put bombs and there was no electricity, water, transport.
-People left their homes to look for refuge in safer places.
-Bombings caused flooding's and gas explosions, therefore lots of people died.
91
How many foreign workers were brought in from other countries for slave labour?
7 million
92
How did Nazis change schools?
Nazi German school system:
-Hitler wanted to indoctrinate the young Germans so used propaganda in every subject to influence their beliefs.
They studied History, Geography, PE, Science and Maths.
1-History-Militaristic victories that Germany had.
2-Geography-Who Germany would conquer next.
3-Maths-How much money they earn if they get rid of disabled people.
4-EUGENICS-INFERIORITY OF BLACK PEOPLE AND THE SUPERIORITY OF THE ARYAN RACE.
5-PE- for preparation for the Army.
-Textbooks written so Nazi beliefs embedded into them
-Students identified as potential future Nazi leaders were sent to special academies called 'Napolas'.
93
How were universities changed under the Nazis?
-Courses changed to reflect Nazi beliefs.
- All students had to train a month in army.
-1933-1934,15% university lecturers replaced for racial and political reasons. By 1939, 3000 dismissed.
94
How Nazis changed lives of young people?
Hitler youth clubs like "Hitler youth organisation" set up in 1922. Boys learnt about military skills. Made compulsory in 1939 where it had 8.8 million members.
Used guns/knives encouraging competition struggle and heroism.
1933-Hitler banned all other youth groups, people joined Hitler youth.
Girls went from young girls to league of German gGrls/Maidens, where they learn about preparing babies , preparing for mother good and cooking food.
95
What were rebellions against Hitler youth organisations?
SWING YOUTH refused to join Hitler youth and went to things like parties, listening to American jazz music. (American jazz forbidden due to black origins)
EDELWEISS PIRATES AND NAVAJOS went camping and made songs against Hitler. THEY PHYSICALLY ATTACKED HITLER YOUTH GROUPS.
96
How Nazis affected lives of women In Germany 1?
1920s-Women had lots of rights and freedom in Germany.
-Women were allowed to vote if working in the government. Their pay was equal to men.
-1900s- There were 2 million births per year and dropped to 1 million by 1933. Nazis thought low birth rates meant that the German territory would not expand like they wanted.
-NAZIS THOUGHT IT WAS A PATRIOTIC DUTY TO STAY AT HOME AND HAVE LOTS OF CHILDREN WHILST THEIR HUSBANDS SUPPORTED THEM.
-Contraception and Abortion banned.
-Sterilised those with problems, deemed unfit to be mother through the 'Law for the Prevention of Diseased Offspring'.
97
What were the 3ks?
KINDER, KURCHE, KUCHE. (children, church and cooking)? Hitler didn't want women to be Equal to men.
-Many female doctors, teacher, lawyers sacked.
98
How Nazis affected the lives of women (2)
-Women banned from smoking, it was unladylike. Wearing trousers was also discouraged.
-Loans given to newly married couples so they have children
-Birth of first child- Keep quarter of money
-Birth of second child-Keep second quarter.
-Nazis banned contraception and abortion so more children.
-12 August- Motherhood medal for who mad most children.
Mothers with 8 or more got the gold cross.
8000 children born as a result.
By March 1939-1.7 million in motherhood courses
99
Were policies on women a success?
Birth rate increased.
-970,000 babies born in 1933.
-1,413,000 in 1939 born
-When WW2 began, more men were being killed so in 1939, thousands of women took on the role of wage earner and mother.
-Germans not called up for work BUT BRITISH WOMEN WERE, when war began.
100
How many Christians groups were there and how many in each?
- 1/3 Germans were Catholics (20 million people).
-2/3 Germans were protestants (40 million).
101
What is the Master Race classified as?
Pseudoscientific (falsely or mistakenly claimed or regarded as being based on scientific method)
102
What were some fundamental differences between Nazism and Christianity?
-Believed in love and forgiveness rather than strength and violence.
-Believed about helping weak and vulnerable.
-Believed everyone is equal in God's eye.
103
Why did some Christians support Nazis?
Nazis said it was important to marry, have family and have moral values.
-Christians feared communism as it was anti-religious.
-Hitler promised to respect catholic church.
104
How was Hitlers relationship with catholic church?
1933-Signed concordat with pope with head of catholic church saying THEY WOULD NOT INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER.
-Hitler broke this since he harassed and arrested catholic priest and closed down young clubs and schools.
-In 1937, Pope released "with burning anxiety" saying that Nazis were 'Hostile to Christ and his Church'.
-Nazis continue to persecute priests.
-In August 1941, Archbishop Galen criticised Nazis for terror tactics, concentration camps and put on house arrest at end of war.
105
Nazis relationship with protestant church?
Ludwig Muller became first Reich Bishop in September 1933.
-Often wore Nazi uniforms.
-Used the slogan 'The swastika on our chest and the Cross in our hearts'
well as
Pastor MARTIN NIEMOLLER criticised Nazis and established the CONFESSIONAL CHRUCH.
-Nazis struck back and arrested 800 pastors, Niemoller in camps and Confessional Churches banned
106
How many Jehovah Witness were killed in concentration camps?
-1/3 killed as they were pacifists and did not want to serve in army.
107
Who did Hitler Racially Persecute?
Hitler would eliminate anyone in his way or who denied him.
PERSECUTION OF RACIAL GROUPS:
-Hitler thought that Aryan race was better than others.
- Indians, Africans, Russians, Gypsies ESPECIALLY JEWS were inferior.
- Jews were forced to work in ghettos and were hunted down by execution squads and murdered by gas.
108
Ostracization of Jews throughout Nazi Germany?
March 1933= Jewish lawyers and judges sacked.
April 1933= All Jews banned from sport clubs, teachers sacked.
September 1933= Eugenics in schools introduced.
January 1934= Jewish shops had a yellow star of David.
September 1935= Jews not allowed to vote
January 1935=Jews not allowed electrical equipment.
1935= Nuremberg Laws, where intermarriage was removed and citizenship stripped.
July 1938=Jewish doctors sacked.
August 1938= Male Jews had to put Israel on name, women put Sara on name.
November 1938= Kristallnacht, where Jewish homes, synagogues were attacked. 100 Jews killed and 20,000 sent to concentration camps.
December 1938= Jewish and non Jewish children cannot play together.
April 1939= Jews can be evicted from homes without reason.
September 1939= Jews not allowed out of home, curfew was 8 o'clock.
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Who were included in the prosecution of undesirables?
-Half a million tramps and beggars that worked to death.
-Thousands of prostitutes, homosexuals and problem families were sent to camps
-Many with strong religious belief and pacifists who did not want to join army.
-350,000 disabled men and women sterilised by Nazis.
-1939- 200,000 people murdered in nursing homes as they were weak and did not fit in with the ARYAN race.
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Why did persecution of Jews occur?
Anti-Semitism-discrimination of Jewish population.
-Common for many centuries.
-Jews blamed for death of Jesus and outbreak of BLACK DEATH IN 1300S.
-Jews are very rich so people are jealous of their PRIVILIGED lives.
-1290- King Edward 1 expelled Jews from England and could not return for 350 years.
-Were scapegoats for WW1.
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Hitler negative relationship with Jews?
Historians are unsure why Hitler despised the Jews , however it ma be due to himself being jealous especially of the money they made and the Jewish population in Vienna when he wanted to be a artist.
-He blamed Jews for the Germany defeat in WW1 due to bankers and businessmen not helping enough to secure Germany's undeniable power.
-They started revolution for Kaiser to leave and to sign the Treaty Of Versailles.
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What was the Journey to the Final solution?
1939- Jews were rounded up and forced to in ghettos. Execution squads (Einsatzgruppen) went out to countryside and shot and gassed Jews.
-January 1942, Wannsee conference occurred and planned to exterminate 11 million Jews using gas.6 extermination camps were built and this became Holocaust. THIS WAS THE FINAL SOLUTION. (this was oversaw by the Head of the SS Heinrich Himmler)
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What was the Night Of the Broken Glass?
November 1938- Kristallnacht occurred. The SS broke around 10,000 Jewish shops and had windows broken. Around 100 Jews were killed and 20,000 were sent to concentration camps.
-Also, 200 synagogues were burnt down due to THE HATRED OF JEWISH PEOPLE.
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How many concentration camps
6 major camps were built for killing Jews.
-Jews, Gypsies, Homosexuals, political opponents, disabled people were put in concentration camps.
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How did the Jewish fight back?
-Attacked German soldiers and blew up railway lines.
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What was the Warsaw Ghetto and takeover of Treblinka?
Warsaw:
-Uprising of 1943, lasted 43 days
Treblinka:
-At Treblinka, someone got into weapons store, and 150 prisoners escaped, 15 guards killed.
-550 prisoners killed in revenge.
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Who knew about the Concentration camps?
Policemen, typists, clerks etc.
-There is controversy whether Britain and USA knew about the camps
-Today we assume historians think they knew something terrible was happening but could not do anything about it.
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What did Heinrich Himmler control?
All police forces, head of SS, personally reported to Hitler and loyal Nazi SINCE 1923.
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Facts about the Schutzstaffel?
SET UP IN 1925.
-Hitler personal bodyguards.
-Group was built over the years
-Strong, athletic and loyal to Hitler.
Split into Sicherheitsdienst for security, Waffen SS as elite unit, and Death's Head Units for concentration/death camps.
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Facts about the Gestapo?
-SECRET POLICE
-Did not wear uniforms, spied on people and thought they might be a threat.
-Tapped telephone calls
-Opened mail.
-Had power to arrest, imprison without trial, torture anyone.
Set up INFORMERS who reports to Nazis if they were anti-Nazi.
-ENCOURAGED CHILDREN TO REPORT TEACHERS OR PARENTS
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How did Hitler win people over using propaganda?
Persuaded large numbers to believe in Nazis.
-Goebbels= Minister of propoganda
-Blamed Jews for problems and identifies through key messages. Appeared on posters, newspapers and speeches and films.
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Who is Joseph Goebbels?
Could not fight in WW1, explaining his limp.
-Joined Nazi party in 1924
-In charge of Nazi propaganda and Hitler loved him.
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How did Hitler win people over using censorship?
Goebbels needed to control ideas and beliefs so used CENSORSHIP.
-Government was tightly controlled so Germans only saw and heard certain things.
-BOOKS FILMS AND NEWS ARTICLES WERE BANNED IF THEY WERE HARMFUL TO HITLER AND NAZIS.
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How Goebbels controlled what people saw, read, heard?
Newspapers- Stories about Nazis doing good things and negative stories about Jews.
Mass rallies- Held to celebrate Hitler greatness. Arenas held half a million people.
Books, Theatre, Music- Writers forced to write books that praised Hitler and Nazis.
Radio- Nazis controlled the stations. Loudspeakers put in streets, factories, cafes to air radio broadcast pro-Nazi.
Films- All film plots shown to Goebbels before they were made.
Films showed Nazis in a good way and enemies in bad way (ANTI-SEMITISM).
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How were the arts and culture of Germany affected by Nazi rule(1)?
Chamber of culture
-Led by Goebbels and musicians, artists saw that cultural activities such as art, theatre gave a message and was in favour of Nazi beliefs and Hitler best interest.
Cinema:
-Alfred Hugenburg=film producer.
Goebbels oversaw scripts and made sure everything was pro-Nazi.
-News reports of Nazi achievements always shown before films.
Music:
-Jewish composers banned and Jazz banned due to Black origins.
-Approval given to classical music such as Bach, Beethoven, Mozart.
Theatre:
-Focused on German history and politics.
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How were the arts and culture of Germany affected by Nazi rule(2)?
Literature:
-Goebbels listed banned books, which were Jewish or 'Ungerman'.
-MEIN KAMPF WAS A BEST SELLER.
-Goebbels encouraged books about race, glory of war, brilliance of Nazis.
-Erich Remarque's anti-war novel 'All quiet on the Western Front' was banned.
Art:
-Only depicted strong Aryan people and family scenes.
-Hitler hated modern art thinking that it was degenerate.
-Burned 5000 paintings publicly in 1936 that is disapproved of.
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How were the arts and culture of Germany affected by Nazi rule(3)?
Design:
-Hitler favoured huge stone structures and often copied buildings from Ancient Greece or Rome.
-Closed the Weimar Bauhaus movement in 1933 due to modern design.
Sports and Leisure:
-Berlin 1936 Olympics was used for Propaganda and ground-breaking technology by Leni Riefenstahl to show German superiority.
-German was top of medal table (Superiority).
-Antisemitism stopped to give world good impression.
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Resistance and opposition to Hitler
White Rose group- handed leaflets against Nazis .(Sophie & Hans Scholl)
Edelweiss pirates beat up Nazi officials and sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies.
Attempts to kill Hitler-50 attempts to kill him.
Kreisau circle consisting of aristocrats and professors discussed killing Hitler. They tried to kill him March and November 1934.
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What were the Attempts to kill Hitler?
July Bomb Plot (Operation Valkyrie) :1944, Colonel Claus Von Stauffenberg was part of a group that would detonate a bomb close to where Hitler met other Nazi leaders.
It killed 4 men and burnt Hitler hair and took his clothes but did not kill him.
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How did the Jewish fight back?
-Attacked German soldiers and blew up railway lines.
