Norman England, c1066-c1100 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
When did the reign of Edward the Confessor start?
A
1042
It was followed by a time of instability.
2
Q
How could the King make anyone an earl in Anglo-Saxon England?
A
-He would give them a piece of land in return for their loyalty known as Patronage.
-He could also take away the land and could call upon his earls to provide an army in terms of war.
3
Q
What was the population in Anglo-Saxon England?
A
2 million mostly living in southern areas
4
Q
What was society like in Anglo-Saxon England?
A
Country was divided into earldoms (Earls could become very powerful and needed to be managed by King to maintain order).
Clear Hierarchy in society with king followed by earls & clergy (Peasants at the bottom).
King and earls commanded 2500-3000 professional soldiers (housecarls) to provide defence (could also call on peasants).
Main religion was the powerful Catholic Church owned large amounts of land and made rules.
Had a vast economic system with minting system drawing attention due to vast wealth.
5
Q
What changes did the Normans make for Anglo-Saxon England?
A
- At first allowed Anglo-Saxons to keep earldoms but split the areas without earls into small areas for Normans to govern. These men are barons or tenants-in-chief.
- Gradually replaced other English earls with Normans and gave land to create Norman aristocracy.
- Most powerful barons included William’s half brothers, Robert of Mortmain and Bishop Odo as well as a distant cousin William Fitzosbern.
-By 1076, only two earldoms were still held by Anglo-Saxons.
6
Q
What was the English Feudal System under the Normans?
A
King
Bishops: 25% land was controlled by church (tenants in chief) Barons: Grant land through subinfeudation and give protection and justice.
Knights: Mesne lords, who owned homage to another lord rather than to king, provide military aid and loyalty to king (military aid could be avoided through paying a tax called scutage).
Peasants: Mostly villeins who were not allowed to leave land or marry without Lord’s permission; some were freemen who paid rent to the lord but not tied in him.
7
Q
What was the power of the Godwins in an Anglo-Saxon England?
A
-Most powerful figure apart from the King to which the Godwins controlled the largest and most important earldom, Wessex, as well as vast population.
-Power increased with Godwin’s daughter(Edith) marrying the King and sons Harold, Sweyn and Tostig appointed to powerful positions.
-They were exiled in 1052 after a public falling out. A year later the arrived with a large army and King Edward was unable to supress them so had to accept Godwins’ wish.
8
Q
What is the Witan?
A
Leading earls and clergy (nominated a successor)
9
Q
What is the difference between Post obitum and Novissima verba
A
Post obitum- successor named after death.
Novissima verba- king named successor on deathbed.
10
Q
-What ways can one claim the throne in Anglo-Saxon England?
A
-Primogeniture (generally Cognatic Primogeniture).
-Another male relative.
-A male relative of previous King.
-Post Obitum.
-Novissima Verba.
-The Witan could nominate a successor.
-Use force to claim throne.
11
Q
Who were the 4 claimants to the throne?
A
Harold Godwinson
Edgar the Aethling
William Duke of Normandy
Harald Hardrada
12
Q
What was Harold Godwinson’s claims to the throne?
A
-Following the death of his father, Earl Godwin, Harold became Edward’s ‘sub-regulus’.
-Was Edward’s brother in law.
-Had shown loyalty to Edward over brother Tostig.
-Harold claimed to have been promised throne on Edward’s deathbed (Novissima Verba).
-Had the support of the English nobles and the Witan.
13
Q
When was Harold Godwinson crowned King?
A
6th January 1066
14
Q
What was Edgar the Aetheling’s claims to the throne?
A
-Edgar was the Great-Nephew of Edward.
-Lived with Edward since childhood so was treated by many as adopted son.
-Was an Anglo-Saxon and so had the support of many English Earls.
-Was only a teenager in 1066, so lacked experience , military and political prowess to challenge Harold Godwinson’s coronation.
15
Q
What was William Duke of Normandy’s claims to the throne?
A
-Was an experienced leader and had been Duke since age 7.
-A distant cousin of King Edward through Edward’s mother Emma of Normandy.
-William claimed the throne had been promised to him several years prior.
-Edward grew up in Normandy and his court and rule were influenced by this, suggesting he wanted a Norman to succeed.
-Claimed that Harold Godwinson had sworn to support William’s claim 1064- it was said to have been an oath over a holy relic and so was therefore binding in the eyes of God.
16
Q
What was Harold Hardrada’s claims to the throne?
A
-As a Viking, he had a reputation as strong and powerful warrior [Hardrada means ‘hard ruler’].
-Since Edward was celibate he believed that a relative of the previous ruler should get the throne since he was related to Cnut (reigned from 1016-1035).
-Claimed that his father, Magnus had been promised the throne by Cnut’s son Harthacnut but when Harthacnut died in 1042, Edward took throne- Harold was determined to claim what he felt was rightfully his.
17
Q
How was William able to invade England?
A
-King of France was 14, and so was the most powerful man in north-western Europe with no threat nearby so could look across channel.
-William secured support of Pope Alexander II by saying he would reform the English Catholic Church and so the Papal Banner helped him with support since ‘God was on his side.’
-Spent a fortune building boats to cross channel; built flat-bottomed boats were built to make transporting horses easier; new weapons made and flat-pack castles prepared.
-Kept men in line and issued punishments to those who stepped out of line.
-Stationed fleet in Saint-Valery-sur-Somme to cross channel in shortest distance.
-Recruited people willing to fight beneath Papal Banner, Mercenaries looking for riches, and loyal Norman men; 8000 men in total.
18
Q
When was the battle of Fulford Gate?
A
20th September 1066
19
Q
Battle of Fulford Gate:
Who was fighting on Harold Hardrada’s side?
A
-Hardrada along with 7000 Vikings.
-Tostig Godwinson (Harold Godwinson’s brother)
20
Q
Battle of Fulford Gate:
Who was fighting on the English side?
A
-Commanded by Edwin (Earl of Mercia), Morcar (Earl of Northumbria).
-Army of around 3500 men.
21
Q
Battle of Fulford Gate:
What happened?
A
-Initial English attack took the Vikings by surprise but Viking numbers overwhelmed the Anglo-Saxon army and Edin & Morcar were defeated.
-Hardrada was victorious, English army scattered and earls forced to flee.
-Vikings however had lots of casualties.
22
Q
How did Tostig die?
A
An arrow to the throat during Battle of Stamford Bridge
23
Q
How many Motte and Bailey castles were built between 1066 and 1086?
A
500
24
Q
Battle of Stamford Bridge:
When did it take place?
A
25th September 1066
25
Battle of Hastings:
How much distance did Harold and his private army cover in 4 days?
- 306km (190miles)
26
Battle of Stamford Bridge:
What happened ?
1) Reached Tadcaster on 24th September 1066, a town outside York
2) Waited overnight to avoid being spotted
3) Entered York 25th September, with his army on high ground
4) Confronted Vikings at Stamford Bridge, Hardrada sent 3 riders on his fastest horses to get reinforcements
5) Hardrada and Tostig both were killed
6) Reinforcements initially routed English, but were defeated
7) Hardrada's son Olaf was allowed to leave with the surviving soldiers
27
Battle of Stamford Bridge
How much distance did Harold and his private army cover in 4 days?
- 306km (190miles)
28
Why was William delayed in his arrival to England?
It was delayed by 6 weeks since the wind was blowing in the wrong direction.
29
How was land settled during Norman times?
Land was given to the eldest son instead.
30
Why did William's delayed arrival to England work in his favour?
He arrived at Pevensey to an undefended coast and after Harold Godwinson waiting for weeks, he sent his men home since most of them were farmers who were needed for the harvest.
31
Why did William keep some Anglo Saxon laws, as well as create more Norman laws?
To ensure that he maintained control in both kingdoms.
32
How was England divided up, under the Normans?
- Divided into smaller Norman earldoms
- Often based around shire towns, such as Chester and Shrewsbury
33
How was law and order enforced in shires and how did this develop under Normans?
Meetings were held at shire courts (twice a year), where cases where heard by the sheriffs.
Under Normans:
Later replaced by hundred courts, where tenants could appeal cases directly to the lord
34
What were punishments of Anglo-Saxon times and how did this change in Norman times?
Brutal with execution and mutilation. Punishment also based on ordeal system based on the principle of 'Judicium Dei' (the judgment of God). They would be put through things like ordeal of fire where it was believed that God would save them from punishment.
Normans:
Mostly same as Anglo-Saxon with addition of the 'ordeal of combat', involving a fight to death between the accused and accuser.
35
How was land settled during Anglo Saxon ages?
They divided up land between members of the family.
36
What is primogeniture?
The eldest son receives land or titles from his father.
37
How did forest laws develop from Anglo-Saxon to Norman times?
People were allowed to hunt animals in the forests to supplement their diets.
Normans:
Since William was a keen hunting didn't allow ordinary people to hunt on lands and introduced the forest laws, banning activities.
38
What was ‘The Common Oath’ during Anglo-Saxon times?
People swear not to commit major crimes.
39
What was the Common Oath replaced with in the Norman times?
Murdrum Fines
40
Consequences of breaking ‘The Common Oath’
If involved in a crime the criminal and their family is exiled or executed.
41
What is ‘Murdrum fines’?
If a Norman earl was killed, the whole area was heavily heavily fined.
42
What was the ‘Murdrum fines’ extended to
Any Norman, who were injured or attacked by an Anglo-Saxon, results in the area being heavily fined.
43
Purpose of ‘Murdrum Fines’
As Norman Earls and citizens were in danger from attacks by the local Anglo-Saxon population.
44
What was the ‘King’s court’
Upheld the laws of the king and was presided by king or designated official.
45
Who judged the
‘County courts’
The sheriff
46
Who were ‘Hundred Courts’ and how did they development under Normans?
Shires were divided into small areas (hundreds). They dealt with local land issues.
Normans:
Met more frequently than shire courts and run by the sheriff's deputy.
47
What two powerful Anglo-Saxon earls opposed Willam?
Edwin and Morcar
48
What happened in 1066 at Berkhamsted?
The suppression of brothers Edwin, Morcar.
Led a rebellion in London soon after the Battle of Hastings soon put down by William.
Forced to show oath of loyalty before coronation in Berkhamsted and allowed them to keep their lands and titles.
49
What rebellion took place in 1069?
Rebellion of the Welsh Border
A Herefordshire theign, Edric the Wild, started a revolt with a large number of English followers, in the Welsh borders during 1067. Then the attacked reached Cheshire and Straffordshire in 1069, but were defeated in battle at the Norman castle in Shrewsbury.
50
Who lived in the Welsh borders?
English outlaws as it was difficult to rule.
51
When did William return to Normandy?
Between March and November 1067
52
What was the revolt of Eustace?
- A rebellion after the Welsh rebellion, led by King Edward's brother in law, Eustace Count of Boulogne.
- They attacked Dover Castle in Kent, but was defeated by the knights inside.
- Made peace with William along with Edric the Wild
53
What was the rebellion in the south west and Exeter?
-City of Exeter rebelled against William's rule in 1068, resulting in the king besieging the city with an army of Normans and Englishmen
- The city held out for 18 days, however Exeter was forced to surrender
- King built a castle on the highest ground, leaving his half-brother Robert of Mortain in charge
- On his way William supressed Bristol and Gloucester and defeated 3 of Harold Godwinson's sons
54
What happened during the 'rebellions of the Norman earls'?
- In 1075, William faced revolt from his own Norman Earls.
- Ralph de Gael was the leader who was joined by Roger de Breteuil, as he was unhappy that he didn't have the same power, as his father had, under William.
- They have various other earls under them as well
- They were supported by King Philip 1 of France, as he didn't want Normandy to be more powerful than the rest of France so wanted to keep William busy so he could exploit it.
- William let his regents, Lanfranc and Odo, to deal with the situation
- Lanfranc sent troops to Hertfordshire, whilst Odo forced Ralph to retreat to Norwich, then Brittany
- During Christmas 1075, the rebels were blinded and murdered, except for Roger who was imprisoned, instead due to to his friendship with William
55
Was there any other major rebellions during William's reign after 1075?
No
56
When and what was the 'Harrying of the North'?
1069
Williams troops laid waste to land around York, burning and salting the fields and killing any living creature.
- From Domesday book that 80% of Yorkshire was known as 'waste'.
57
Cause of 'Harrying of the North'
The North was the most rebellious area, seeing itself as semi-independent from the rest of the country, so it was to intimidate other rebels or contestants to William's throne (Edgar)- had the support of King Malcolm of Scotland (recently married his sister), as well as bringing the 240 Viking ships (payed off by William)
58
Results due to Harrying of the North
- Most people from the North moved to the South, as most of the land was inhabitable and infertile to grow crops.
-Starvation of peasants across the region.
-Made William to have little trouble with Yorkshire in his reign.
59
Purpose of Norman castles
To intimidate, bully and administrate the local area. Mainly against the aggressive Anglo-Saxons.
APICS
Administration
Protection
Intimidation
Control
Symbolism
60
What was a 'Motte and Bailey' castle?
-The motte was the hill the keep (fortified tower) was built upon
- The bailey was the outer area surrounding the motte.
61
What were the features of Motte and Bailey castles?
Outer Bailey: An area within outer all that included houses and other buildings that needed to be safe.
Outer Bailey wall: Very highwalls with plenty of lookout posts. Raised ground leading up to wall made it difficult to attack.
Moat: Dry ditches although some contained water.
Inner Bailey: Area within the inner wall that protects the keep. It is the last line of defence.
Motte: A mound of earth with keep on top.
Gateways and gatehouses: Entrances into outer and inner baileys. Soldiers were positioned at gateway to offer protection to keep. Some castles also had drawbridges.
62
Where were the castles built?
- Near a bend in a river or on the coast where the water would provide a natural moat
- Troublesome regions (Welsh border marshlands)
-Typically on high-ground
-Near existing towns
-Near natural defences
63
Who was Hereward the Wake?
- Son of Leofric, the English Earl of Mercia
-Exiled as his father could not control him
-Held land in Warwickshire and Lincolnshire during the time of King Edward the Confessor
64
Why did Hereward dislike William?
- Head of brother was hanged on the front door when he came back from Exile
- William and his Norman earls confiscated lands from his father
65
When and what did Hereward, King Swegn and Morcar at the attack Peterborough?
- 1070
- Looted and burned the abbey
66
What was the Isle of Ely?
- An area surrounded by marshland
- Where the base of Hereward and the rebels base was set after burning abbey
67
How did William besiege the Island of Ely (1071)
- Built a 3km long rampart (defensive wall of castle) with a castellum (a defensible platform)
- Too many Norman soldier crossed the rampart, at once, so it sank into the marshland
- Built a siege tower and brought a local witch to torment the rebels
-Hereward set fire to the siege area, and the bridge
- A monk told William about a secret route to Hereward
- The rebels surrender, Morcar is captured, Hereward disappears
68
Battle of Stamford Bridge:
Out of 300 ships that Hardrada sailed up the Humber, only __ ships sailed home
25
69
What was the most spoken/ written language after 1066?
Latin
70
Why was the Domesday book ordered by William?
- Ensured that he got the most money as possible from taxes
- Makesure that his fuedal lords weren't withholding money, which could have made them a threat to his power
- Legalise and record arguments over the ownership of land
- "Life before and after Norman Conquest"
71
What did the Domesday survey investigate?
-who lived where and who owned what land and property.
-the overall value of each man's property.
-what taxes were owed from the time of Edward the Confessor.
-who held wealth in different parts of the country.
72
When was the Domesday survey carried out?
1086, but was never finished.
73
-What did the Domesday survey show in terms of land?
-William and his family owned 20% of the land.
-the church held 25% land.
-around 10 members of Norman aristocracy held 25% of land between them.
-170 others held the remaining 30%.
74
What did the Domesday say (1086)?
-2000 knights in England
- 10,000 Norman settlers
-population of England was between 1.5 to 2 million people
75
What corruption in churches was William concerned with?
1. Pluralism - clergy holding multiple jobs
2. Simony - selling jobs/ positions within the church
3. Nepotism - appointing unqualified family members to positions of power
4. Marriage- clergy were meant to remain celibate
76
How many Anglo-Saxon bishops left by 1080?
1, William had replaced the others with Normans
77
Who was Lanfranc?
A Norman, who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070
78
Who did Lanfranc replace and what Lanfranc's role?
- Replaced Stigand
- achieving William's reforms
79
How were churches and cathedrals rebuilt?
And where were new cathedrals built?
- In Romanesque style
- Important locations such as Coventry, Salisbury and Lincoln
80
Reasons why relationship between Norman kings and Papacy (authority of the Pope) deteriorated
- Used the church to add to their own wealth
- Normans stole gold and silver ornaments from English churches
- William I and William II rewarded their supporters by giving them religious positions.
-William took part in invasions which the Pope didn't like (In 1070 Pope Alexander ordered William to pay penance for invasion, so Kind ordered building of Battle Abbey at sight for Battle of Hastings)
-Investiture Controversy.
81
When was the Battle of Hastings?
14 October 1066
82
When and where did William's invasion fleet land?
28th September
Pevensey
83
Where did William I attack first?
Villages on the South coast
84
Where did the Battle of Hastings take place?
Between the Senlac hill and a marshland
85
Anglo-Saxon Tactics for Hasting:
What was the army like?
-Around 7000 men; mostly fyrd with some thegns, most elite housecarls had been killed at Stamford Bridge.
-Survivors of Stamford Bridge were exhausted after the long march.
-Shieldwall
86
How did William recruit men for the fight at Hastings?
He promised them land once England had been taken.
87
Norman Tactics for Hastings:
What was the army like?
-Combination of soldiers from Normandy and mercenaries from other parts of France and Western Europe; in total 7000 men.
-Highly skilled archers and calvary.
-Well rested since the had landed several days prior.
88
Anglo-Saxon Tactics for Hastings:
What was the weaponry and armour like?
-Double-handed axes, pikes, large circular shield.
-Housecarls had armour.
-Peasants used pitchforks, farming equipment, and weapons and armour taken from fallen soldiers.
89
Norman Tactics for Hastings:
What was the weaponry and armour like?
-Bows, large tear-shaped shields that covered chin to knee, pikes, armour.
90
Anglo-Saxon Tactics for Hastings:
What was the Battle Tactics and Strategy like?
-Shield Wall (Interlocking of shields to prevent enemy advance).
-All soldiers on foot (infantry).
91
Norman Tactics for Hastings:
What was the Battle Tactics and Strategy like?
-Infantry and calvary.
-Archers to wear down the enemy.
-Army organised into divisions and a flag system was used for communication to allow tactics to change during battle.
92
Anglo-Saxon Tactics for Hastings:
What was the position on the Battlefield like?
-Top of Senlac Hill.
93
Norman Tactics for Hastings:
What was the position on the Battlefield like?
-Base of Senlac Hill with marshy land either side.
94
Anglo-Saxon Tactics for Hastings:
What were the leaders like?
-An experienced general who successfully fought against Welsh and Vikings.
-Many supporters in England, including many nobles and the Witan.
95
Norman Tactics for Hastings:
What was the leader like?
-A highly experienced general conquering areas around Normandy and as far as Sicily.
-Had the support of the Pope and the king of France and supported by allies of leaders of the states that bordered Normandy.
96
What happened in the Battle of Hastings?
1. Battle began at 9am, when the Anglo-Saxons formed their shield wall and the Normans were unable to break through; Norman arrows flew over English heads or hit the shields, Calvary charges were also useless against Anglo-Saxon line.
2. After a number of failed attacks, a group of Normans ran back from the line, thinking William was dead, and so Anglo-Saxons broke their shield wall and chase them. They became trapped in the marshlands and were slaughtered- this tactic was called the feigned retreat.
3. During the break where both sides recovered the dead and wounded, William changed tactics. He moved his archers to the front ordering them to fire into the air so that the arrows would land on top of Anglo-Saxons, behind the shield wall, causing chaos.
97
What happened in the Battle of Hastings? (2)
4. Fearing arrival of Anglo-Saxon reinforcements, William made one final push for victory, a combination of the feigned retreats, constant arrow fire and full-scale calvary attacks- by late noon, shield wall was almost disintegrated.
5. As the shield wall fell, the Anglo-Saxons were cut to pieces, and King Harold was killed causing many surviving Anglo-Saxons to flee.
98
After Hastings, What were some ways William established and maintained control?
-Secure ports to allow supplies to be brought from Normandy.
- Strengthened fortifications and built motte and bailey castles as he went.
-Secured control of Canterbury (the centre of the English Catholic Church).
-Secured Winchester, the base of the English treasury, where all income and valuables were held.
-At a meeting in Berkhamsted he insisted on an oath of loyalty from Edgar the Aetheling, Ed win and Morcar as well as other leading nobles and Bishops.
-At beginning of 1067 began distributed land to loyal Normans.
99
Who was Stigand?
-The archbishop of Canterbury, who was a major figure in Edward the Confessor's court.
-Had a reputation for being corrupt.
-William refused to be crowned by him and was removed from position in 1070.
100
What was the Bayeux tapestry?
-Depicts the events of 1066 from a Norman perspective and is therefore subjective.
-Completed in 1070 under supervision of William's half-brother, Bishop Odo and was a piece of Norman propaganda.
-Depicts Harold to have died from arrow to eye and an oath breaker and William as a superior general and rightful heir to throne.
-Showed the way William was able to establish his legitimacy as rightful king without reliance on violence.
101
Who were William I's sons?
Robert Curthose, William II(William Rufus), Henry I.
102
Why and how did William distribute inheritance to his sons?
Robert had a poor relationship with father and so did not believe Robert good govern empire, so he unconventionally split it (Robert: would get Normandy; William: would get England; Henry: substantial sum of £5000).
-This went against Primogeniture.
103
How did Robert react to his father going against primogeniture?
-He was adamant of Primogeniture.
-He had a major argument with his father and then fled to the Channel to his uncle in Flanders.
-When his brother William was crowned he rebelled.
104
When did William II die?
1100
105
How did William II die?
William travelled to a forest to go hunting and just after arrival he told companions about his dream where he was killed. While hunting he was shot and killed with an arrow (thought to have been William Tirel since he fled immediately).
-Tirel family grew in wealth when Henry became King.
106
What is another name for William II?
William Rufus.
107
Who became King after William II?
William's younger brother, Henry.
108
Who was to blame for William II''s death(suspect=Robert Curthose)?
Robert Curthose:
-Believed he was rightful King of England and had inheritance taken away from him.
-Led a rebellion against William II in 1088 and attempted invasion of England in early 1100.
109
Who was to blame for William II's death (suspect= Henry(I))?
Henry (I):
-Youngest son of William I.
-With Rufus dead and Robert in exile, he conveniently became King in 1100.
110
Who was to blame for William II's death (suspect= Archbishop Anselm)?
Archbishop Anselm:
-He and William II about being too involved with church affairs.
-Anselm fled to England for Rome in 1097 and William seized all of his land.
111
Who was to blame for William II's death (suspect= Members of Nobility)?
Members of Nobility:
-With his harsh taxes and harsh rule, William II was unpopular to many people.
-It was often suggested that members of nobility felt England would prosper more under a different king.
112
What is the general life of a peasant/what did they do in Norman England Villages?
-Lived in cottage, grew crops on strips of land & grazed animals on the common land(was separated by hedges known as open field system).
-Payed rent to the Lord and payed 10% tithe (tax) to the Church.
-Metal ploughs pulled by oxen and main crops: Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye.
-Church bells signified start and end of work day- they worked from half an hour before sunrise and worked until sunset.
-Peasants worked every day but Sunday and holy days and these days off would include leisure such as cock fighting.
113
What were peasant homes like in Norman England Villages?
-Houses were cold, damp and dark with walls made of wattle and daub.
-Small windows to keep in warmth and stop break-ins.
-Most families had a single room and animals would often be brought into the house.
-Thatched roofs that were vulnerable to fire.
114
What happened in a peasant's year in Normand England Villages?
Spring: Peasants sow seeds in the field.
Summer: When the crops are ready, peasants harvest them.
Autumn: Peasants used oxen to plough the fields before planting next year's crop.
Winter: People lived off the food harvested earlier in the year.
115
What was the Manor in Normand England Villages?
-Area owned by Lord and known as his demesne.
-It had a manor house, where Lord lived and homes for the peasants known as freemen.
-Thegns, knights and barons owned land there and would own houses, barns, wood & lakes in and around the manor.
-Manor house was made of stone and much warmer and secure than peasants' houses.
116
What were Reeves in Norman England Villages?
-Chosen by the lord or by peasant votes.
-Job was to manage day-to-day of running the manor and ensure the peasants were all working.
117
What were the Bailiffs in Norman England Villages?
-responsible for collecting taxes for the king and ensuring crops were gathered and debts repaid.
118
What were the Priests in Norman England Villages?
-responsible for marriages and wills.
-ran local church and conducted services.
119
What were the Millers in Norman England Villages?
-produced grain to make bread for the whole village.
120
What were key features of towns in Norman England?
-Houses built close together with cramped living conditions.
-Castles were at the centre of many large towns, becoming the centre of trade. Other prominent towns had cathedral and some both, such as Lincoln.
-Burgesses were important figures. They had the right to buy and sell property but owed tax and services to local Lord. Also involved in handling legal issues for shire or the hundred.
121
How did towns develop/grow in Norman England?
-Towns grew in importance as religious or adminstrativer centres.
-London and Norwich became more important as administrative centres. Winchester's importance declined, but a new cathedral made it religiously significant.
-Norman nobles encourage growth of towns to develop foreign trade, especially in the south. Towns often specialised in a material/ product.
-Between 1066 and 1100, 21 new towns developed.
-Evidence of this is the Domesday day.
122
What was the role of trading Metalwork in the growth of towns in Norman England?
-Towns like Gloucester became centres of iron and lead production which were vital sources to build houses and make weapons.
-These towns tended to be located near woodlands so that there were abundances of wood for furnaces.
123
What was the role of trading Wool in the growth of towns in Norman England?
- Wool was produced in the countryside but brought to towns such as Lincoln and York in order to be sold at markets.
-It was exported to the rest of Europe so many coastal towns further became centres of international trade.
124
What was the role of trade through Guilds in the growth of towns in Norman England?
-Weavers, goldsmiths, bakers, butchers and others formed specialist association called guilds in each town. The guilds often had significant power.
125
What was the role of trade through Markets and Fairs in the growth of towns in Norman England?
-To hold a market or fair, a town need permission (franchise) given in the form of a grant from the king.
-William gave around 2800 grants.
-Markets were places for traders to by and sell products.
Fairs were officially religious celebrations but were also often places of commerce(buying/selling good).
126
What was the role of trading Salt in the growth of towns in Norman England?
-Towns like Droitwich grew due to the production and sale of salt, used in cooking and food preservation.
127
How did the Normans change Language after their conquest?
- Language of the new aristocracy was French and so was used in courts, in law and in government.
-Latin was used for religious services.
-French words began to integrate into the English speakers' life.
128
How did the Church Economically influence livesunder the Normans?
-Was a major landowner and peasants were required to work on Church land for free otherwise they would be punished by God.
-Tithes were collected on everything farms produced.
129
How did the Church Religiously influence lives under the Normans?
-To teach people how to live a good life so they would go to heaven: as most people could not read the learned through sermons and paintings.
130
How did the Church Educationally influence lives under the Normans?
-The church was the only institution that produced books, since books were copied out by monks, so they controlled which books were published.
131
How did the Church Politically influence lives under the Normans?
-Leading clergy were members of Witan, which advised the king on national matters.
132
How did the Church Pilgrimages influence lives under the Normans?
-Pilgrimages were an important part of people's lives. The wealthy journeyed to Jerusalem in the Holy Land, while others visited monasteries and abbeys.
133
How did the Church Priests influence lives under the Normans?
-Priests were central figures in communities- they lead services, helped the sick, heard confessions and baptised children.
-Everyone in community went to them for advice, even the Lord of the Manor.
134
How did the Church Health influence lives under the Normans?
-People didn't understand the causes of diseases and was widely seen as a punishment from God.
-People therefore turned to the church for help when they were sick- priests suggested asking God for forgiveness through prayer of giving money to the church.
135
How did the Church Law influence lives under the Normans?
-The church heard court cases for crimes committed on church land.
136
What is an example of a cathedral built in the Romanesque Style and by whom?
-Durham Cathedral.
-by Norman, William of St Calais.
137
What were William's 4 major concerns for reform in the church?
-Pluralism
-Simony
-Nepotism
-Marriage
138
What is Pluralism?
-Clergy holding multiple jobs.
139
What is Simony?
-Selling position or jobs within the Church.
140
What is Nepotism?
-Appointing unqualified family members to positions of power.
141
What was the problem with Marriage?
According to Church law, clergy were required to remain celibate when many priests were married and having children.
142
How did William reform the Bishops of the English Church?
-By 1080 there was only 1 Anglo-Saxon bishop left since they were replaced by Normans.
-Lanfranc (Norman) was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070, replacing Stigand.
143
How did William reform the Architecture of the English Church?
-Churches and cathedrals were built in the Romanesque style.
144
How did William reform the English Church's Organisation?
-Dioceses were divided into archdeaconries and then divided into deaneries.
-Cathedrals built in important locations such as Coventry and Lincoln.
145
How did William reform the Legal Issues of the English Church?
-In 1076, Council of Winchester ordered that only Church could try clergy.
-William reintroduced 'Peter's Pence', a tax of one pence paid to the Pope from every household.
146
How did William reform Parish Priests of the English Church?
-Most Anglo-Saxon priests kept jobs despite attempts of reformation.
147
What was the relationship between the Norman (English) Kings and the Church?
The Papacy (the authority of the Pope):
Deteriorated during reign of William I&II.
Reward:
William I&II promoted or rewarded supporters by giving them religious positions (Only pope was allowed to do this so caused conflict).
Wealth:
Both Williams used the church to increase wealth. They collected geld (tax) from religious institutions and stole gold and siler from churches.
Anselm:
When Lanfranc died, William II didn't appoint new Archbishop, but used it to take from church. Eventually appointed Anselm in 1093, who supported Pope Gregory's attempts to increase independence of clergy.
148
What was the Investiture Controversy?
-In 1078, the pope tried to help the church stay independent by banning kings from appointing bishops and abbots..
-Caused a disagreement between Pope and kings of Europe over who could appoint senior members in church.
-Ended in 1122.
149
How did the Normans Change Education?
-Before Norman school was run by church and teachers were monks and local language was used more than Latin.
-Normans moved school out of religious grounds and became separate buildings, and due to increases towns better numeracy and literacy rates were needed to conduct trade. Further Barons and Knights wanted children to be highly educated.
-By 13th century there we 75 schools compared to the 40 the century before.
-French and English (vernacular- local language) still spoken but Latin used for writing.
150
Who were key individuals in changes to education?
-Archbishops Lanfranc and Anselm.
Lanfranc: created school in Normandy, Anselm and future pope students at school, wrote book about attributes of God called 'Monologium'.
-Both promoted education and built libraries, in order to produced clergy (oxford built for this purpose).
151
What is the role of grammar school in England?
-Age 10 some children went to grammar school that were distinct to church schools.
-Students stay at grammar school for 4 years where they learn Latin.
-Notes made on boards of stones which were wiped clean.
-Schools started I September with 3 terms, ending in June, so peasant families could concentrate on the harvest.
-Succesful students moved on to university where all books and lectures were in Latin. and students not going to university became merchants, parish clergy or secretarial clerks.
