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Germany Theme 2 > Germany 1918-89, Theme 2b: Controlling the people > Flashcards

Germany 1918-89, Theme 2b: Controlling the people Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What did the Weimar Constitution allow the President to do in emergency situations?

A

Use emergency powers and the army to crush rebellion.

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2
Q

What could the Reichstag do in the Weimar Constitution to prevent extremism?

A

Pass laws banning extremist groups.

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3
Q

What could the police and judicary do prevent extremism in the Weimar Republic?

A

Imprison those who had broken the law and threatened democracy.

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4
Q

What aspect of the Weimar Constitution could politicians use to consult the people?

A

Legally binding plebiscites.

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5
Q

How did Ebert use his emergency powers from 1918-24?

A

To protect democracy.

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6
Q

What was the biggest threat to the Weimar Republic in 1918 following the First World War?

A

The threat of left wing revolution.

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7
Q

When was the Ebert-Groener pact agreed?

A

November 1918.

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8
Q

What did the Ebert-Groener pact do?

A

Committed the army and Free Corps to defending the Republic against left-wing revolution.

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9
Q

How did Ebert attempt to lure working class people away from communism?

A

Negotiating guaranteed worker’s rights with employers.

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10
Q

What agreed in November 1918 between employers and the Central Working Association?

A

Trade union recognition, 8 hour working day, free collective bargaining.

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11
Q

Why did union membership rise considerably in the early Weimar Republic?

A

The guarantee of worker’s rights under the new Republic and trade unions.

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12
Q

What was union membership in December 1918?

A

2.8 million.

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13
Q

What was union membership in December 1919?

A

7.3 million.

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14
Q

How did Ebert’s first cabinet in November 1919 appeal to the working classes?

A

It contained members of the SPD and more radical USPD.

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15
Q

What was the National Congress of Worker’s and Soldier’s Councils?

A

Council which represented the many workers’ councils in Germany after the first world war.

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16
Q

How many seats did the SPD have on the NCWSC in December 1918?

A

2/3 of the seats.

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17
Q

How many seats did the Sparacists have on the NCWSC in December 1918?

A

0.02

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18
Q

How did the Spartacist uprising end?

A

Crushed by the army under the Ebert-Groener pact.

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19
Q

What was the long term effect of the Ebert-Groener pact?

A

Distrust between the SPD and the KPD/radical left.

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20
Q

Why was Ebert’s government initially after the end of the war unstable?

A

It had no set constitution and was seen as temporary.

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21
Q

How did Ebert solve the instability of his post-war government?

A

Calling elections to the National Constituent Assembly in January 1919.

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22
Q

When did Ebert become president of the Republic?

A

February 1919.

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23
Q

Why did the government struggle to defeat the 1920 Kapp Putsch?

A

The army refused to cooperate and put down the putsch.

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24
Q

What did army officers believe?

A

Those who sympathised with the republic had no place in the army.

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25
How did Ebert respond to the Kapp Putsch?
Removed the seat of government in Stuttgart, activated Article 48, called a general strike.
26
What did the defeat of the Kapp Putsch demonstrate?
Ebert was able to defeat extremism using constitutional means.
27
What did the Kapp Putsch lead to?
The 1920 Ruhr Uprising
28
Why did ministers postpone the autumn 1920 elections to 1921?
To allow support for the Ruhr Uprising and the Kapp Putsch to dwindle.
29
How much of the vote did the democratic parties receive in 1921?
0.446
30
When was Walter Rathenau assassinated?
1921
31
When was the 'Law for the Protection of the Republic' passed?
July 1921.
32
What did the 'Law for the Protection of the Republic' do?
Increased the sentences for political violence and allowed extremist organisations to be banned.
33
Who passed a law countering the 'Law for the Protection of the Republic'?
Kahr the leader of Bavaria
34
How did Ebert respond to Kahr's rebellion against the 'Law for the Protection of the Republic'?
Threatened to use article 48 to enforce the law.
35
Why was the Nazi party and other extreme right groups able to grow in Bavaria?
The 'Law for the Protection of the Republic' was agreed to not apply to right wing Bavarian groups by Kahr and Ebert.
36
Where did the KPD launch uprisings in the midst of the great depression?
Saxony and Thuringia.
37
Who crushed the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch?
The army under orders from Ebert and the Bavarian police.
38
What about the police and judiciary made it hard to tackle right wing groups in the Weimar Republic?
They were largely nationalist and sympathised with right wing groups.
39
How many murders did the right wing commit between 1919-1922?
354
40
How many of the 354 murders by right wing groups from 1919-22 went punished?
28
41
How many of the 22 left wing murders between 1919 and 1922 were punished?
18
42
How was the 'Law for the Protection of the Republic' used by the judicary and police?
Largely to only investigate left wing groups.
43
How long did Hitler serve in Landesberg prison?
9 months of a 5 year sentence.
44
What was Stresemann's policy of fulfilment?
Paying reparations again and ending passive resistance in the Ruhr.
45
How did Stresemann reduce political extremism?
Through a pragmatic approach to Germany's problems.
46
What was Stresemann's biggest achievement?
Creating a period of stability in the Weimar Republic from 1924-29.
47
How much of the vote did the extremist parties receive in 1928?
Less than 15% between the KPD and NSDAP.
48
How much of the vote did the pro-democracy parties receive in 1928?
0.49
49
What did growing Nazi support over 1929-33 show about Stresemann's foreign policies?
People favoured a more extreme opposition to the Treaty of Versailles.
50
What did Hindenburg believe in the early 1930s?
Democracy was not strong enough to sort Germany's issues.
51
How many decrees did Hindenburg order between 1930-32?
Over 110
52
How was Ebert's and Hindenburg's use of A48 different?
Ebert defended democracy, Hindenburg did not.
53
When did von Papen use A48 to seize the Prussian SPD government?
July 1932.
54
When were political uniforms banned by Bruening?
1930
55
When did Bruening ban the SS and SA?
April 1932.
56
Why did the Bruening ban on the SA have very little effect?
Most police supported the SA and would not confiscate their weapons and uniforms.
57
How did Conservatives propose dealing with extremism after Bruening resigned?
By 'taming the Nazis' and using the SA to defeat extremist groups.
58
Why did conservative politicians still desire popular support?
To give their government legitimacy and prevent civil war and large scale unrest.
59
When were the SA unbanned by von Papen.
July 1932.
60
How did KvS initially attempt to tame the Nazis?
Inviting Gregor Strasser to join his cabinet.
61
Who were the two groups Nazis aimed repression at?
Initially political enemies, later on society's 'undesireables'
62
What were 3 key features of Nazi repression?
Lawlessness, arbitrary violence, sadistic tone.
63
Why did Hitler see violence as a legitimate political tool?
His experience in the first world war.
64
How did the Nazis celebrate the appointment of Hitler as chancellor?
A march of SA, SS and Steel Helmets through Berlin.
65
When were the SS and SA appointed as auxiliary police officers?
22nd February.
66
Who did the Nazis first target after Hitler became chancellor?
The KPD.
67
Who did the Nazis attempt to repress after the KPD?
The SPD and Reichsbanner in February/March 1933.
68
What was significant article of the Reichstag Fire Decree?
Suspension of civil rights and arrest of those who posed a threat to the nation.
69
How many left-wing supporters were arrested in 1933?
100,000-200,000.
70
How many KPD members had been arrested by March 1933?
10000
71
When were the SPD offices raided and seized?
May 1933.
72
How many of those placed in Nazi concentration camps in 1933 remained in 1935?
Only 4,000.
73
How did Hitler justify the NLK to the public?
Accused top SA officers of homosexuality and planning a putsch.
74
How many were killed in the NLK?
74 killed, 1000 arrested.
75
What did the SS largely deal with between 1933-36?
Political opponents of the Nazis
76
What did the SS largely deal with between 1936-39?
Removed people from society considered to be undesirable.
77
What shows the SS had a level of compliance with the German people?
64% of cases for relationships with Jews were from public tip offs.
78
Which body controlled central censorship under the Nazis?
Reich Chamber for Culture lead by Joeseph Goebbels.
79
How did the Nazis ensure cooperation from journalists?
compulsory membership of the Reich Chamber of the Press, creation of the DNB news agency, buying up newspapers to put under government control.
80
How much of the press did the Nazis own in 1933 and 1945?
2.3% in 1933 and 82% in 1945.
81
What was the effect of the 1933 editor's law?
Editor's were now responsible for their publications and censored their own content.
82
Name two examples of Ayran Nazi film
Faded Melody and Kongo Express
83
How was the film industry affected by the Nazis?
Heavily censored and used to push Nazi propaganda.
84
Why was Jazz music banned in 1935?
It was linked with American and black culture.
85
Why were the Nazis keen to be seen as legal?
Many Germans respected the law and saw it as their duty to obey the legal government.
86
Which two acts formed the basis of Nazi repression and censorship?
Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act.
87
Why did the Nazis argue their actions were a continuation of previous policy?
Law for Protection of Reich. Ebert/Hindenburg A48, Eberts use of the Free Corps, Kaisers use of concentration camps.
88
Which events were censored in the press during the war?
Defeat at Stalingrad, Final Solution and T-4 programs.
89
When did Goebbels ban foreign performers on stage?
1940
90
What did the special war penal code do?
Allowed the SS to arrest anybody suspected of hindering the war effort.
91
Who did government surveillance extend to in the war?
Government officials looking for evidence of homosexuality.
92
Who were the main targets of the SS during the war?
Non-conformists.
93
Why was the issue of emergency legislation contentious in the FRG?
People feared the authoritarian potential of such policies and the politicians conservative backgrounds.
94
Why was the FRGs emergency legislation initially limited?
The occupying allied forces would take control of the FRG in the case of emergency.
95
What did the Basic Law contain which allowed some form of repression?
The banning of extremist parties such as the SRP and the KPD.
96
Why did the lack of emergency powers become a sovereignty issue in the FRG?
The FRG was unable to defend itself in emergency without the backing of the Allies.
97
Why did many people back Allied occupation in the FRG?
The Allied forces were far stronger than the FRGs army.
98
What events was the outcome of the weakness of the FRGs army?
The 1962 Der Spiegel affair.
99
Why did emergency legislation gain more support in the 1960s?
Cold war and the student protests.
100
What did the 1968 Emergency Laws give the FRG power to do?
Intercept mail, tap telephones, house searches
101
What were the emergency powers largely intended to prevent?
The establishment of a dictatorship
102
What were the limitations on the emergency powers of the FRG in 1968?
Bundestag approval, could not interefere with other government branches, Bundestag decided the end of the powers, courts remained independent.
103
How many police did Brandt employ to hunt for members of the RAF?
150000
104
What was the effect of the 1972 Employment Ban Law?
Radicals banned from public service.
105
What did the Bundestag pass in 1973 to target those arrested?
Lengthier sentences and solitary confinement.
106
By 1977 how many people were the FRG monitoring?
6000
107
What was the criticism of Brandt and Schmidt's response?
Exaggerated the threat of the RAF.

Germany Theme 2 (3 decks)

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